The biology of Cixius wagneri, the planthopper vector of ‘Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae’ in strawberry production tunnels and its consequence for the epidemiology of strawberry marginal chlorosis

Abstract«Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae» is the prevalent agent of strawberry marginal chlorosis (SMC) and is transmitted by the planthopper Cixius wagneri. Because the insect vector biology was unknown, a field experiment was set up to determine if it was able to reproduce on strawberry plants, to determine the number of insect generations per year and the ability of nymphs to transmit SMC. During spring 2004, 80 C. wagneri adults were delivered into 4 small insectproof tunnels containing 30 healthy plants. Fifteen percent of the delivered insect population were carrying the pathogen. In October 2004, only 3 young L1 instar nymphs were found in the first tunnel, demonstrating there were no new insect generations during the summer. In April 2005, 330 C. wagneri of early L1 to late L5 nymph instars were collected at the roots of the plants,clearly indicating that a single insect generation had overwintered as larvae andemerged at the following spring. All instars were shown to carry ‘Ca. P. fragariae’ (70 to 75 % of the larvae) and were able to transmit SMC as assessed by transmission assays. An insecticide treatment was applied in March 2005 in a third tunnel and a fourth tunnel was kept as a control. More than 120 C. wagneri adults were collected in the control tunnel 4 in June 2005 confirming that an insect generation arose in the tunnel, whereas no insects could be found in the treated tunnel 3. All plants were kept for two years, surveyed for symptom expression and tested for ‘Ca. P. fragariae’ infection by 16S-PCR. Results indicated a reduced mortality and SMC incidence in tunnel 3, and a higher mortality and SMC incidence in tunnel 2 than in tunnel 1, attesting that C. wagneri larvae had spread SMC and that an early insecticide treatment could control the disease.Keywords: Phloem-restricted bacteria, planthopper, insect vector, Fragaria x ananass

Electrical investigation of natural lawsonite and application to subduction contexts

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 142(2), (2019):1430-1442, doi:10.1029/2018JB016899.We report an experimental investigation of the electrical properties of natural polycrystalline lawsonite from Reed Station, CA. Lawsonite represents a particularly efficient water reservoir in subduction contexts, as it can carry about 12 wt % water and is stable over a wide pressure range. Experiments were performed from 300 to about 1325 °C and under pressure from 1 to 10 GPa using a multi‐anvil apparatus. We observe that temperature increases lawsonite conductivity until fluids escape the cell after dehydration occurs. At a fixed temperature of 500 °C, conductivity measurements during compression indicate electrical transitions at about 4.0 and 9.7 GPa that are consistent with crystallographic transitions from orthorhombic C to P and from orthorhombic to monoclinic systems, respectively. Comparison with lawsonite structure studies indicates an insignificant temperature dependence of these crystallographic transitions. We suggest that lawsonite dehydration could contribute to (but not solely explain) high conductivity anomalies observed in the Cascades by releasing aqueous fluid at a depth (~50 km) consistent with the basalt‐eclogite transition. In subduction settings where the incoming plate is older and cooler (e.g., Japan), lawsonite remains stable to great depth. In these cooler settings, lawsonite could represent a vehicle for deep water transport and the subsequent triggering of melt that would appear electrically conductive, though it is difficult to uniquely identify the contributions from lawsonite on field electrical profiles in these more deep‐seated domains.A. P. acknowledges financial support from UCSD‐SIO startup funds, NSF‐EAR Petrology and Geochemistry (grant 1551200), and NSF‐COMPRES IV EOID subaward. The use of the COMPRES Cell Assembly Project was also supported by COMPRES under NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR 1661511. Q. W. acknowledges support from NSF EAR‐1620423. We thank Kurt Leinenweber for fruitful discussion, Jake Perez for technical help in the lab, and Sabine Faulhaber (UCSD Nano‐Engineering Department) for technical assistance with SEM images and EDS analyses. We also thank two reviewers for detailed comments that improved the manuscript. All the electrical data used for Figures 4 and 5 are available in the supporting information.2019-08-2

Detection of phloem restricted bacteria responsible for strawberry marginal chlorosis (SMC) by real-time PCR in a single assay

Two uncultured phloem restricted plant pathogens, the γ3 proteobacterium «Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae » and the stolbur phytoplasma (group 16SrXII-A) are associated with strawberry marginal chlorosis (SMC) in France. As “Ca. P. fragariae” and stolbur phytoplasma induce identical symptoms, the only way to identify the pathogen infecting a given diseased plant is to perform conventional PCR assays. Because using two PCR techniques for detecting separately each of the two bacteria is time consuming and because specificity and sensitivity of the detection test needed to be improved, a new approach using triplex real time PCR was developed for the routine detection of “Ca. P. fragariae “ and stolbur phytoplasma. The real time PCR has the advantage of being faster reduces the risks of producing false positives. Furthermore, real-time PCR techniques provide the possibility of multiplexing by using probes with different compatible fluorescent dyes. Here, we present a new sensitive Taqman® method which permits the simultaneous amplification of three DNA targets in one test: the map gene of stolbur phytoplasma, the spoT gene of “Ca. P. fragariae” and the cox gene of strawberry chloroplast taken as an internal control. The specificity and the efficiency of this method were determined.Keywords: Strawberry Marginal Chlorosis, Triplex taqman® PCR ,Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae, stolbur phytoplasma

Prediction of silicate melt viscosity from electrical conductivity : a model and its geophysical implications

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14 (2013): 1685–1692, doi:10.1002/ggge.20103.Our knowledge of magma dynamics would be improved if geophysical data could be used to infer rheological constraints in melt-bearing zones. Geophysical images of the Earth's interior provide frozen snapshots of a dynamical system. However, knowledge of a rheological parameter such as viscosity would constrain the time-dependent dynamics of melt bearing zones. We propose a model that relates melt viscosity to electrical conductivity for naturally occurring melt compositions (including H2O) and temperature. Based on laboratory measurements of melt conductivity and viscosity, our model provides a rheological dimension to the interpretation of electromagnetic anomalies caused by melt and partially molten rocks (melt fraction ~ >0.7).We acknowledge partial support under NASA USRA subaward 02153–04, NSF EAR 0739050, and the ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE) Exploration Postdoctoral Fellowship Program.2013-12-1

Role of brachytherapy in the treatment of cancers of the anal canal. Long-term follow-up and multivariate analysis of a large monocentric retrospective series.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are few data on long-term clinical results and tolerance of brachytherapy in anal canal cancer. We present one of the largest retrospective analyses of anal canal cancers treated with external beam radiotherapy with/without (±) chemotherapy followed by a brachytherapy boost. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical results in terms of efficacy and toxicity. The impact of different clinical and therapeutic variables on these outcomes was studied. RESULTS: From May 1992 to December 2009, 209 patients received brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy ± chemotherapy. Of these patients, 163 were stage II or stage IIIA (UICC 2002) and 58 were N1-3. According to age, ECOG performance status (PS), and comorbidities, patients received either radiotherapy alone (58/209) or radiochemotherapy (151/209). The median follow-up was 72.8 months. The 5- and 10-year local control rates were 78.6 and 73.9 %, respectively. Globally, severe acute and late G3-4 reactions (NCI-CTC scale v. 4.0) occurred in 11.2 and 6.3 % of patients, respectively. Univariate analysis showed the statistical impact of the pelvic treatment volume (p = 0.046) and of the total dose (p = 0.02) on the risk of severe acute and late toxicities, respectively. Only six patients required permanent colostomy because of severe late anorectal toxicities. CONCLUSION: After a long follow-up time, brachytherapy showed an acceptable toxicity profile and high local control rates in patients with anal canal cancer

Marked long-term decline in ambient CO mixing ratio in SE England, 1997–2014:Evidence of policy success in improving air quality

Atmospheric CO at Egham in SE England has shown a marked and progressive decline since 1997, following adoption of strict controls on emissions. The Egham site is uniquely positioned to allow both assessment and comparison of ‘clean Atlantic background’ air and CO-enriched air downwind from the London conurbation. The decline is strongest (approximately 50ppb per year) in the 1997–2003 period but continues post 2003. A ‘local CO increment’ can be identified as the residual after subtraction of contemporary background Atlantic CO mixing ratios from measured values at Egham. This increment, which is primarily from regional sources (during anticyclonic or northerly winds) or from the European continent (with easterly air mass origins), has significant seasonality, but overall has declined steadily since 1997. On many days of the year CO measured at Egham is now not far above Atlantic background levels measured at Mace Head (Ireland). The results are consistent with MOPITT satellite observations and ‘bottom-up’ inventory results. Comparison with urban and regional background CO mixing ratios in Hong Kong demonstrates the importance of regional, as opposed to local reduction of CO emission. The Egham record implies that controls on emissions subsequent to legislation have been extremely successful in the UK

Lack of mitochondrial topoisomerase I (TOP1mt) impairs liver regeneration

The liver has an exceptional replicative capacity following partial hepatectomy or chemical injuries. Cellular proliferation requires increased production of energy and essential metabolites, which critically depend on the mitochondria. To determine whether Top1mt, the vertebrate mitochondrial topoisomerase, is involved in this process, we studied liver regeneration after carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. TOP1mt knockout (KO) mice showed a marked reduction in regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation. The hepatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) failed to increase during recovery from CCl4 exposure. Reduced glutathione was also depleted, indicating increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Steady-state levels of ATP, O2 consumption, mtDNA, and mitochondrial mass were also reduced in primary hepatocytes from CCl4-treated KO mice. To further test whether Top1mt acted by enabling mtDNA regeneration, we tested TOP1mt KO fibroblasts and human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells and measured mtDNA after 3-d treatment with ethidium bromide. Both types of TOP1mt knockout cells showed defective mtDNA regeneration following mtDNA depletion. Our study demonstrates that Top1mt is required for normal mtDNA homeostasis and for linking mtDNA expansion with hepatocyte proliferation