Effects of Inoculation and Wilting on the Preservation and Utilization of Wheat Forage

Wheat forage was harvested at an early head stage of maturity and ensiled in 12 900-kg experimental silos at three percentages of DM (20.8% for direct-cut forage and 27.9 or 39.3% for wilted forage) either with or without application of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant. The objective was to test the efficacy of the inoculant to alter silage fermentation, preservation, and nutritive value of wheat forage ensiled at different moisture percentages because of wilting. Wilting enhanced DM preservation and decreased fermentation end products. Inoculation made the fermentation more homolactic but did not enhance DM preservation. Silage rations (80% DM as silage) were fed at 1.8% of BW/d to six ruminally and abomasally fistulated steers (350 kg) in an experiment with a Latin-square design and a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Digestive responses to silage diets were not influenced by inoculation. Intake was depressed with direct-cut silage rations. Wilting improved fiber digestibility and was associated with changes in ruminal contents and fermentation end products. Wilting appears to be more effective than inoculation as a postharvest management tool to improve small grain silage. © 1995, American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved

Photosynthetic accumulation of carbon storage compounds under CO2 enrichment by the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus

The growth characteristics of Thermosynechococcus elongatus on elevated CO₂ were studied in a photobioreactor. Cultures were able to grow on up to 20% CO₂. The maximum productivity and CO₂ fixation rates were 0.09 ± A 0.01 and 0.17 ± A 0.01 mg ml⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively, for cultures grown on 20% CO₂. Three major carbon pools-lipids, polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), and glycogen-were measured. These carbon stores accounted for 50% of the total biomass carbon in cultures grown on atmospheric CO₂ (no supplemental CO₂), but only accounted for 30% of the total biomass carbon in cultures grown on 5-20% CO₂. Lipid content was approximately 20% (w/w) under all experimental conditions, while PHB content reached 14.5% (w/w) in cultures grown on atmospheric CO₂ and decreased to approximately 2.0% (w/w) at 5-20% CO₂. Glycogen levels did not vary significantly and remained about 1.4% (w/w) under all test conditions. The maximum amount of CO₂ sequestered over the course of the nine-day chemostat experiment was 1.15 g l⁻¹ in cultures grown on 20% CO₂.Keywords: Mass transfer, Fixation, Microalgae, Dioxide, Biofuels, Glycogen, Poly beta hydroxybutyrate, Photobioreactor, Bioreactor, Purificatio

Holocene Paleoflood Hydrology of the Lower Deschutes River, Oregon

Flood deposits at four sites along the lower Deschutes River, Oregon, were analyzed to determine magnitude and frequency of late Holocene flooding. Deposit stratigraphy was combined with hydraulic modeling at two sites to determine ranges of likely discharges for individual deposits. Combining these results with gaged flood data provides improved flood frequency estimates at the Axford site. The completeness and age spans of preserved flood chronologies differed among the four sites, but results were consistent for the largest floods of the last 5000 years. Single floods exceeded 2860-3800 mVs -4600 cal yr BP, 1060-1810 mVs -1300 cal yr BP, and 1210-2000 m3/s \u3c290 cal yr BP (corresponding to the historic flood of 1861). No floods have exceeded 2860-3770 mVs since the flood of -4600 cal yr BP. Incorporating these results into a flood frequency analysis based on maximum likelihood estimators gives slightly higher flood quantile estimates and narrower confidence limits compared with analysis of gage data alone. Discharge and 2(5 uncertainty for the 100-yr flood calculated using combined paleoflood and gaged records is 1120 +310/-240 mVs, compared with 930 +650/-250 m3/s from analysis of only gaged floods. This revised estimate for the 100-yr flood is slightly greater than our estimate of 1060 m3/s for the February 1996 flood at Axford, a finding consistent with historical records of two floods comparable to the 1996 flood in the last 140 years and with stratigraphic records of several like floods during the last ~1000 years

Effectiveness of implementing a wake up and breathe program on sedation and delirium in the ICU

OBJECTIVES: Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients receive significant amounts of sedatives and analgesics that increase their risk of developing coma and delirium. We evaluated the impact of a "Wake-up and Breathe Protocol" at our local ICU on sedation and delirium. DESIGN: A pre/post implementation study design. SETTING: A 22-bed mixed surgical and medical ICU. PATIENTS: Seven hundred two consecutive mechanically ventilated ICU patients from June 2010 to January 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Implementation of daily paired spontaneous awakening trials (daily sedation vacation plus spontaneous breathing trials) as a quality improvement project. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After implementation of our program, there was an increase in the mean Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale scores on weekdays of 0.88 (p < 0.0001) and an increase in the mean Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale scores on weekends of 1.21 (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, race, gender, severity of illness, primary diagnosis, and ICU, the incidence and prevalence of delirium did not change post implementation of the protocol (incidence: 23% pre vs 19.6% post; p = 0.40; prevalence: 66.7% pre vs 55.3% post; p = 0.06). The combined prevalence of delirium/coma decreased from 90.8% pre protocol implementation to 85% postimplementation (odds ratio, 0.505; 95% CI, 0.299-0.853; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a "Wake Up and Breathe Program" resulted in reduced sedation among critically ill mechanically ventilated patients but did not change the incidence or prevalence of delirium

Passenger Transmitters as A Possible Cause of Aircraft Fuel Ignition

An investigation was performed to study the potential for radio frequency (RF) power radiated from transmitting Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) to create an arcing/sparking event within the fuel tank of a large transport aircraft. A survey of RF emissions from typical intentional transmitting PEDs was first performed. Aircraft measurements of RF coupling to the fuel tank and its wiring were also performed to determine the PEDs induced power on the wiring, and the re-radiated power within the fuel tank. Laboratory simulations were conducted to determine the required RF power level for an arcing/sparking event. Data analysis shows large positive safety margins, even with simulated faults on the wiring

A Phase Transition between Small and Large Field Models of Inflation

We show that models of inflection point inflation exhibit a phase transition from a region in parameter space where they are of large field type to a region where they are of small field type. The phase transition is between a universal behavior, with respect to the initial condition, at the large field region and non-universal behavior at the small field region. The order parameter is the number of e-foldings. We find integer critical exponents at the transition between the two phases.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figure

New evidence on Allyn Young's style and influence as a teacher

This paper publishes the hitherto unpublished correspondence between Allyn Abbott Young's biographer Charles Blitch and 17 of Young's former students or associates. Together with related biographical and archival material, the paper shows the way in which this adds to our knowledge of Young's considerable influence as a teacher upon some of the twentieth century's greatest economists. The correspondents are as follows: James W Angell, Colin Clark, Arthur H Cole, Lauchlin Currie, Melvin G de Chazeau, Eleanor Lansing Dulles, Howard S Ellis, Frank W Fetter, Earl J Hamilton, Seymour S Harris, Richard S Howey, Nicholas Kaldor, Melvin M Knight, Bertil Ohlin, Geoffrey Shepherd, Overton H Taylor, and Gilbert Walker

Key Issues for Navigation and Time Dissemination in NASA's Space Exploration Program

The renewed emphasis on robotic and human missions within NASA's space exploration program warrants a detailed consideration of how the positions of objects in space will be determined and tracked, whether they be spacecraft, human explorers, robots, surface vehicles, or science instrumentation. The Navigation Team within the NASA Space Communications Architecture Working Group (SCAWG) has addressed several key technical issues in this area and the principle findings are reported here. For navigation in the vicinity of the Moon, a variety of satellite constellations have been investigated that provide global or regional surface position determination and timely services analogous to those offered by GPS at Earth. In the vicinity of Mars, there are options for satellite constellations not available at the Moon due to the gravitational perturbations from Earth, such as two satellites in an aerostationary orbit. Alternate methods of radiometric navigation as considered, including one- and two-way signals, as well as autonomous navigation. The use of a software radio capable of receiving all available signal sources, such as GPS, pseudolites, and communication channels, is discussed. Methods of time transfer and dissemination are also considered in this paper

Master crossover behavior of parachor correlations for one-component fluids

The master asymptotic behavior of the usual parachor correlations, expressing surface tension $\sigma$ as a power law of the density difference $\rho_{L}-\rho_{V}$ between coexisting liquid and vapor, is analyzed for a series of pure compounds close to their liquid-vapor critical point, using only four critical parameters $(\beta_{c})^{-1}$, $\alpha_{c}$, $Z_{c}$ and $Y_{c}$, for each fluid. ... The main consequences of these theoretical estimations are discussed in the light of engineering applications and process simulations where parachor correlations constitute one of the most practical method for estimating surface tension from density and capillary rise measurements