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Impaired Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase activity and processing in frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin mutations.
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations result in progranulin haploinsufficiency, which is thought to cause frontotemporal dementia in GRN mutation carriers. Progranulin haploinsufficiency may drive frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal function, as patients with GRN mutations on both alleles develop the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and frontotemporal dementia patients with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) also accumulate lipofuscin. The specific lysosomal deficits caused by progranulin insufficiency remain unclear, but emerging data indicate that progranulin insufficiency may impair lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. We investigated the effects of progranulin insufficiency on sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in the inferior frontal gyrus of FTD-GRN patients using fluorogenic activity assays, biochemical profiling of enzyme levels and posttranslational modifications, and quantitative neuropathology. Of the enzymes studied, only Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase exhibited impairment in FTD-GRN patients. Brains from FTD-GRN patients had lower activity than controls, which was associated with lower levels of mature Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase protein and accumulation of insoluble, incompletely glycosylated Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase. Immunostaining revealed loss of neuronal Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase in FTD-GRN patients. To investigate the effects of progranulin insufficiency on Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase outside of the context of neurodegeneration, we investigated Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase activity in progranulin-insufficient mice. Brains from Grn-/- mice had lower Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase activity than wild-type littermates, which was corrected by AAV-progranulin gene therapy. These data show that progranulin insufficiency impairs Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase activity in the brain. This effect is strongest in neurons and may be caused by impaired Ξ²-glucocerebrosidase processing
Morphological Criteria for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions of Lungs in Tumors Based on Resection Material
Morphological criteria of diagnosis of dust lesions of lungs in tumors on resectionmaterial are considered in the article. It is shown that the complex application of various research methods allows the identification of dust particles in the lung and lymph node tissues, and contributes to the improvement of the diagnosis of dust lesions of the respiratory system. Morphological characteristics of bauxite pneumoconiosis in primary lung cancer on resection material are presented
Diffusion spin echo decay by pulsed magnetic field gradient NMR and some structure features in blockcopolymer solutions
Blockcopolymer solutions were investigated by pulsed field gradient NMR. Nonexponential diffusion decay of solvent molecules and the dependence of it's shape on time of observation uere found out. These features (unusual for solvent molecules) were explained on assumption of the solution heterogeneous structure. Consideration, performed, allow us to estimate the linear dimensions of the heterogeneities, which for concentrated systems occured to be near 10000 A. Β© 1985 Springer-Verlag
Algorithm of morphological diagnostics of small cell lung cancer on bronchial biopsy
Results of cytologicai, histological and immunohistochemical analyses of bronchial biopsies of 95 patients with small cell lung cancer have been provided in this paper. In 85.3% of the cases small cell lung cancer within optic level has been verified by complex cytologicai and histological diagnosis. In the rest of 14.7% of the cases it has been revealed the necessity of using additional analysis methods to detect a version of small cell lung cancer. In 24 cases immunohistochemical analysis has been made, in 10 of them - to confirm morphological diagnosis of small cell lung cancer, in 14 of them - to detect a version of small cell lung tumour by using different antibodies sets depending on differentially diagnostic series. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown that 20 tumours have immunophenotype of small cell lung cancer, trustworthy lung adenocarcinoma, diffuse large cell Π-cell lymphoma and mammary gland carcinoma. It has been worked out an algorithm of complex histological, cytologicai and immunohistochemical methods of diagnostics. Using it allows to improve diagnostics of small cell lung cancer on data of bronchial biopsies.Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ² 95 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
. Π 85,3% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ 14,7% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
. Π 24 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² 10 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
- Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² 14 β Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ 20 ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ β ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ. Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ²
Pathomorphology of small cell lung cancer on bronchial biopsy (histological and cytological comparisons)
In the paper there have been shown the results of histological and cytological studies of bronchial biopsies of patients with small cell lung tumors, compared data of histological and cytological studies and defined the structure of small cell lung cancer (variants of cyto-histological structure). In 85.3% of the cases it was managed to verify precisely the small-cell lung cancer, and in the remaining 14.7% of the cases it was revealed the need for immunohistochemical studies to identify the version of small-cell bronchial cancer. In 82.7% of the cases in the structure of small-cell lung cancer there was revealed the prevalence of oat cell variant including oat cell variant proper, oat cell variant with parts of intermediate cellular texture, oat cell variant of lymphocyte-like texture and oat cell variant with parts of both intermediate cellular and lymphocyte-like texture. In 9.9% of the cases small cell lung cancer had intermediate cellular texture, and in 7.4% of the cases variant of small cell lung cancer could not have been identified because of the evident crush phenomenon caused by the fragility of the tumor tissue and its crushing when obtaining biopsy material. In 60.0% of the cases the cytological findings coincided with the histological ones and the tumor structure in the smear test matched histological structure of SCLC. Integrated use of histological and cytological methods makes it possible to improve the diagnostics of small cell lung cancer on bronchial biopsy findings.Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). Π 85,3% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ 14,7% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² 82,7% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π 9,9% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° Π² 7,4% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π¦ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² 60,0% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ Π. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ²
Morphological diagnostics off small cell lung cancer
Now lung cancer (LC) has remained the most widespread malignant tumour and the most frequent cause of death of people with this disease (this disease) in the world. It's accepted to divide all histological types of LC into small cell and non-small cell variants that is caused by essentially different ways of treatment. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a malignant epithelial tumour of neuroendocrinal nature consisting of small round or oval cells with scant cytoplasm, finely granular nuclear chromatin and absent nucleoli. Necrosis is typically extensive and mitotic activity is high. Combined SCLC contains a component of any nonΒsmall cell lung cancer in a tumour structure. Immunohistochemical research of SCLC shows positive reaction on synaptophysin, C056 and chromogranin. The main method to receive material for morphological research at SCLC is bronchoscopy combined with forceps biopsy of affected bronchus. Small size of bronchial biopsy material and its crash during intake make morphological diagnostics difficult. Exact morphological diagnostics of SCLC is essentially important because it defines tactics of treatment which consists mainly in chemotherapy.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π Π) ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π Π Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΠ Π) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ Π ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ Π Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½, CD56 ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ Π ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅. Π’ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ Π ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF THE K-SHELL TRANSITION ENERGIES IN L-SHELL IONS OF SI AND S
We have measured the energies of the strongest 1sβ2β (β = s, p) transitions in He- through Ne-like silicon and sulfur ions to an accuracy of <1 eV using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's electron beam ion traps, EBIT-I and SuperEBIT, and the NASA/GSFC EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer (ECS). We identify and measure the energies of 18 and 21 X-ray features from silicon and sulfur, respectively. The results are compared to new Flexible Atomic Code calculations and to semi-relativistic HartreeβFock calculations by Palmeri et al. (2008). These results will be especially useful for wind diagnostics in high-mass X-ray binaries, such as Vela X-1 and Cygnus X-1, where high-resolution spectral measurements using Chandra's high-energy transmission grating has made it possible to measure Doppler shifts of 100 km s[superscript -1]. The accuracy of our measurements is consistent with that needed to analyze Chandra observations, exceeding Chandra's 100 km s[superscript -1] limit. Hence, the results presented here not only provide benchmarks for theory, but also accurate rest energies that can be used to determine the bulk motion of material in astrophysical sources. We show the usefulness of our results by applying them to redetermine Doppler shifts from Chandra observations of Vela X-1.United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (work orders NNX/2AH84G)United States. Department of Energy (Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344)Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (contract SV3-73016
NuSTAR and Suzaku observations of the hard state in Cygnus X-1: locating the inner accretion disk
We present simultaneous Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR ) and
Suzaku observations of the X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 in the hard state. This is
the first time this state has been observed in Cyg X-1 with NuSTAR, which
enables us to study the reflection and broad-band spectra in unprecedented
detail. We confirm that the iron line cannot be fit with a combination of
narrow lines and absorption features, and instead requires a relativistically
blurred profile in combination with a narrow line and absorption from the
companion wind. We use the reflection models of Garcia et al. (2014) to
simultaneously measure the black hole spin, disk inner radius, and coronal
height in a self-consistent manner. Detailed fits to the iron line profile
indicate a high level of relativistic blurring, indicative of reflection from
the inner accretion disk. We find a high spin, a small inner disk radius, and a
low source height, and rule out truncation to greater than three gravitational
radii at the 3{\sigma} confidence level. In addition, we find that the line
profile has not changed greatly in the switch from soft to hard states, and
that the differences are consistent with changes in the underlying reflection
spectrum rather than the relativistic blurring. We find that the blurring
parameters are consistent when fitting either just the iron line or the entire
broad-band spectrum, which is well modelled with a Comptonized continuum plus
reflection model.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Phase behaviour of charged colloidal sphere dispersions with added polymer chains
We study the stability of mixtures of highly screened repulsive charged
spheres and non-adsorbing ideal polymer chains in a common solvent using free
volume theory. The effective interaction between charged colloids in an aqueous
salt solution is described by a screened-Coulomb pair potential, which
supplements the pure hard-sphere interaction. The ideal polymer chains are
treated as spheres that are excluded from the colloids by a hard-core
interaction, whereas the interaction between two ideal chains is set to zero.
In addition, we investigate the phase behaviour of charged colloid-polymer
mixtures in computer simulations, using the two-body (Asakura-Oosawa pair
potential) approximation to the effective one-component Hamiltonian of the
charged colloids. Both our results obtained from simulations and from free
volume theory show similar trends. We find that the screened-Coulomb repulsion
counteracts the effect of the effective polymer-mediated attraction. For
mixtures of small polymers and relatively large charged colloidal spheres, the
fluid-crystal transition shifts to significantly larger polymer concentrations
with increasing range of the screened-Coulomb repulsion. For relatively large
polymers, the effect of the screened-Coulomb repulsion is weaker. The resulting
fluid-fluid binodal is only slightly shifted towards larger polymer
concentrations upon increasing the range of the screened-Coulomb repulsion. In
conclusion, our results show that the miscibility of dispersions containing
charged colloids and neutral non-adsorbing polymers increases, upon increasing
the range of the screened-Coulomb repulsion, or upon lowering the salt
concentration, especially when the polymers are small compared to the colloids.Comment: 25 pages,13 figures, accepted for publication on J.Phys.:Condens.
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