399 research outputs found
Relationship between quantum decoherence times and solvation dynamics in condensed phase chemical systems
A relationship between the time scales of quantum coherence loss and
short-time solvent response for a solute/bath system is derived for a Gaussian
wave packet approximation for the bath. Decoherence and solvent response times
are shown to be directly proportional to each other, with the proportionality
coefficient given by the ratio of the thermal energy fluctuations to the
fluctuations in the system-bath coupling. The relationship allows the
prediction of decoherence times for condensed phase chemical systems from well
developed experimental methods.Comment: 10 pages, no figures, late
Does the Constitution Provide More Ballot Access Protection for Presidential Elections Than for U.S. House Elections?
Both the U.S. Constitution and The Federalist Papers suggest that voters ought to have more freedom to vote for the candidate of their choice for the U.S. House of Representatives than they do for the President or the U.S. Senate. Yet, strangely, for the last thirty-three years, the U.S. Supreme Court and lower courts have ruled that the Constitution gives voters more freedom to vote for the candidate of their choice in presidential elections than in congressional elections. Also, state legislatures, which have been writing ballot access laws since 1888, have passed laws that make it easier for minor-party and independent candidates to get on the ballot for President than for the U.S. House. As a result, voters in virtually every state invariably have far more choices on their general election ballots for the President than they do for the House. This Article argues that the right of a voter to vote for someone other than a Democrat or a Republican for the House is just as important as a voterâs right to do so for President, and that courts should grant more ballot access protection to minor-party and independent candidates for the House
An overview of the design, construction and performance of large area triple-GEM prototypes for future upgrades of the CMS forward muon system
GEM detectors are used in high energy physics experiments given their good spatial resolution, high rate capability and radiation hardness. An international collaboration is investigating the possibility of covering the 1.6 < vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.4 region of the CMS muon endcaps with large-area triple-GEM detectors. The CMS high-eta area is actually not fully instrumented, only Cathode Strip Chamber (CSC) are installed. The vacant area presents an opportunity for a detector technology able to to cope with the harsh radiation environment; these micropattern gas detectors are an appealing option to simultaneously enhance muon tracking and triggering capabilities in a future upgrade of the CMS detector. A general overview of this feasibility study is presented. Design and construction of small (10cm x 10cm) and full-size trapezoidal (1m x 0.5m) triple-GEM prototypes is described. Results from measurements with x-rays and from test beam campaigns at the CERN SPS is shown for the small and large prototypes. Preliminary simulation studies on the expected muon reconstruction and trigger performances of this proposed upgraded muon system are reported
Construction and Performance of Large-Area Triple-GEM Prototypes for Future Upgrades of the CMS Forward Muon System
At present, part of the forward RPC muon system of the CMS detector at the
CERN LHC remains uninstrumented in the high-\eta region. An international
collaboration is investigating the possibility of covering the 1.6 < |\eta| <
2.4 region of the muon endcaps with large-area triple-GEM detectors. Given
their good spatial resolution, high rate capability, and radiation hardness,
these micro-pattern gas detectors are an appealing option for simultaneously
enhancing muon tracking and triggering capabilities in a future upgrade of the
CMS detector. A general overview of this feasibility study will be presented.
The design and construction of small (10\times10 cm2) and full-size trapezoidal
(1\times0.5 m2) triple-GEM prototypes will be described. During detector
assembly, different techniques for stretching the GEM foils were tested.
Results from measurements with x-rays and from test beam campaigns at the CERN
SPS will be shown for the small and large prototypes. Preliminary simulation
studies on the expected muon reconstruction and trigger performances of this
proposed upgraded muon system will be reported.Comment: 7 pages, 25 figures, submitted for publication in conference record
of the 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Valencia, Spai
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