Estimates of electricity sales by utilities, by county and class of service, Oklahoma, 1950 and 1960

Estimates of electricity consumption as indicators of economic activity in Oklahom

Adaptive waveform inversion: theory

Conventional full-waveform seismic inversion attempts to find a model of the subsurface that is able to predict observed seismic waveforms exactly; it proceeds by minimizing the difference between the observed and predicted data directly, iterating in a series of linearized steps from an assumed starting model. If this starting model is too far removed from the true model, then this approach leads to a spurious model in which the predicted data are cycle skipped with respect to the observed data. Adaptive waveform inversion (AWI) provides a new form of full-waveform inversion (FWI) that appears to be immune to the problems otherwise generated by cycle skipping. In this method, least-squares convolutional filters are designed that transform the predicted data into the observed data. The inversion problem is formulated such that the subsurface model is iteratively updated to force these Wiener filters toward zero-lag delta functions. As that is achieved, the predicted data evolve toward the observed data and the assumed model evolves toward the true model. This new method is able to invert synthetic data successfully, beginning from starting models and under conditions for which conventional FWI fails entirely. AWI has a similar computational cost to conventional FWI per iteration, and it appears to converge at a similar rate. The principal advantages of this new method are that it allows waveform inversion to begin from less-accurate starting models, does not require the presence of low frequencies in the field data, and appears to provide a better balance between the influence of refracted and reflected arrivals upon the final-velocity model. The AWI is also able to invert successfully when the assumed source wavelet is severely in error

Exploring Heteronormativity in Mental Health Services: The Experience and Impact of Identity Disclosure for LGBTQ+ Young People who Self-Harm or Feel Suicidal

Background: Mental health services in the National Health Service (NHS) exist in a context of heteronormativity, where there are assumptions made within services and wider society about the expected nature of sexual and gender identity, implicitly and explicitly. LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning and any other sexual minority identity) adolescents and young adults are at a stage of life where they are forming their identities. This group of young people experience elevated risks of mental health needs, including self-harm and suicidality. Experiencing self-harm or suicidal feelings, and being LGBTQ+, are both associated with stigma and rejection, including within mental health services; this can have implications for help-seeking and being open about their identities. Aims: This study aimed to explore the experience and impact of LGBTQ+ identity disclosure in NHS mental health services, for young people (aged 14-25) who experienced difficulties with self-harm or suicidality. The study aimed to provide space for young people’s voices, and to promote changes within systems for improving care for this group of young people. Method: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used to gather information from five young people, recruited through social media. Transcripts were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Findings: Three primary themes were developed from the analysis: ‘power and powerlessness’, ‘making sense of identity’, and ‘the importance of relationships’. The experience and impact of these concepts were explored, recognising the context of pervasive heteronormativity in NHS services, from a critical realist epistemological stance. Conclusions: There is a need for change in individual clinical relationships, and at service and wider policy levels in the NHS, to prevent harmful experiences and longer-term consequences for LGBTQ+ young people. Changes are needed to reduce heteronormative bias and provide affirmative, transparent, supportive care to young people experiencing self-harm or suicidality, in their LGBTQ+ identity disclosures and subsequent interactions with clinicians

Dwarf nova oscillations and quasi-periodic oscillations in cataclysmic variables -- VI. Spin rates, propellering, and coherence

We examine published observations of dwarf nova oscillations (DNOs) on the rise and decline of outbursts and show that their rates of change are in reasonable agreement with those predicted from the magnetic accretion model. We find evidence for propellering in the late stages of outburst of several dwarf novae, as shown by reductions in EUVE fluxes and from rapid increases of the DNO periods. Reanalysis of DNOs observed in TY PsA, which had particularly large amplitudes, shows that the apparent loss of coherence during late decline is better described as a regular switching between two nearby periods. It is partly this and the rapid deceleration in some systems that make the DNOs harder to detect. We suggest that the 28.95 s periodicity in WZ Sge, which has long been a puzzle, is caused by heated regions in the disc, just beyond the corotation radius, which are a consequence of magnetic coupling between the primary and gas in the accretion disc. This leads to a possible new interpretation of the `longer period DNOs' (lpDNOs) commonly observed in dwarf novae and nova-like variables.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure, accepted for publication in MNRA

Uniaxial and biaxial soft deformations of nematic elastomers

We give a geometric interpretation of the soft elastic deformation modes of nematic elastomers, with explicit examples, for both uniaxial and biaxial nematic order. We show the importance of body rotations in this non-classical elasticity and how the invariance under rotations of the reference and target states gives soft elasticity (the Golubovic and Lubensky theorem). The role of rotations makes the Polar Decomposition Theorem vital for decomposing general deformations into body rotations and symmetric strains. The role of the square roots of tensors is discussed in this context and that of finding explicit forms for soft deformations (the approach of Olmsted).Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, RevTex, AmsTe

Development of a machine protection system for the Superconducting Beam Test Facility at Fermilab

Fermilab's Superconducting RF Beam Test Facility currently under construction will produce electron beams capable of damaging the acceleration structures and the beam line vacuum chambers in the event of an aberrant accelerator pulse. The accelerator is being designed with the capability to operate with up to 3000 bunches per macro-pulse, 5Hz repetition rate and 1.5 GeV beam energy. It will be able to sustain an average beam power of 72 KW at the bunch charge of 3.2 nC. Operation at full intensity will deposit enough energy in niobium material to approach the melting point of 2500 {\deg}C. In the early phase with only 3 cryomodules installed the facility will be capable of generating electron beam energies of 810 MeV and an average beam power that approaches 40 KW. In either case a robust Machine Protection System (MPS) is required to mitigate effects due to such large damage potentials. This paper will describe the MPS system being developed, the system requirements and the controls issues under consideration.Comment: 3 pp. 13th International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS 2011). 10-14 Oct 2011. Grenoble, Franc

Educators as Empowerers: A Small-Scale Study of Opportunities to Expand the Scope of ITT Programmes, with a Particular Focus on Prison Education

This paper considers the scope of initial teacher training (ITT) programmes at UK universities and the extent to which they prepare teachers to empower learners outside of mainstream, compulsory schooling. Education is widely considered as a human right and an essential tool for social mobility, with the power to ‘enrich human capabilities and change behaviour’ (Cohen 2011: 4–5); in this paper, we explore the limitations of that in reality, considering educational provision, opportunities for funding and attitudes towards adult education. The paper compares attitudes towards school education and prison education, examining the potential for greater cohesion and the importance of rehabilitation. We draw on evidence from the literature; our own experience as ITT students and, subsequently, secondary school teachers; and a collaborative trainee teacher and prison learner programme between the School of Education, University of East London, and the prison HMP Isis. The paper concludes by discussing the potential for future, more inclusive ITT programmes which consider the role of education outside of schools, the implications of this and recommendations for the future

Smectic-C tilt under shear in Smectic-A elastomers

Stenull and Lubensky [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 76}, 011706 (2007)] have argued that shear strain and tilt of the director relative to the layer normal are coupled in smectic elastomers and that the imposition of one necessarily leads to the development of the other. This means, in particular, that a Smectic-A elastomer subjected to a simple shear will develop Smectic-C-like tilt of the director. Recently, Kramer and Finkelmann [arXiv:0708.2024, Phys. Rev. E {\bf 78}, 021704 (2008)] performed shear experiments on Smectic-A elastomers using two different shear geometries. One of the experiments, which implements simple shear, produces clear evidence for the development of Smectic-C-like tilt. Here, we generalize a model for smectic elastomers introduced by Adams and Warner [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 71}, 021708 (2005)] and use it to study the magnitude of Smectic-C-like tilt under shear for the two geometries investigated by Kramer and Finkelmann. Using reasonable estimates of model parameters, we estimate the tilt angle for both geometries, and we compare our estimates to the experimental results. The other shear geometry is problematic since it introduces additional in-plane compressions in a sheet-like sample, thus inducing instabilities that we discuss.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

The Effects of Parental Occupation on Role-Playing in Children

This study examined the relationship between the mother\u27s occupational status and the type of play behaviors children engage in. There were 50 children (25 same-sex pairs) examined for this study. They were 5 years of age. The children were timed according to how much time they spent with girl toys along with the time they spent mutually interacting with one another. The findings suggest that there are gender differences in toy preferences. However, there are not significant differences between children who have stay-at-home moms and those whose moms work outside the home