Hubungan antara Kualitas Layanan dan Harga dengan Kepuasan Konsumen Online Shopping pada Mahasiswi Universitas Surabaya

Toko online merupakan toko berbasis internet yang cara pemasarannya menggunakan website. Saat ini banyak masyarakat yang sudah mengenal toko online, toko tersebut menjadi salah satu alternatif transaksi jual beli, tak terkecuali mahasiswi Universitas Surabaya. Toko online memiliki kelebihan dalam hal transaksi pembelian, semua transaksi dilakukan melalui media. Akan tetapi konsumen yang ingin membeli produk online, hanya bisa melihat gambar saja melalui media, tidak bisa merasakan langsung produk yang diinginkan. Hal ini bertolak belakang dengan toko tradisional yang dapat melihat dan merasakan produk. Oleh karena itu, melihat maraknya jual beli online, konsumen dihadapkan pada dua sisi. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan layanan dan harga dengan kepuasan konsumen online shopping pada mahasiswi Universitas Surabaya. Kepuasan konsumen adalah kesesuaian antara harapan konsumen dengan produk yang sebenarnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji hubungan yang melibatkan 200 subjek mahasiswi Universitas Surabaya yang berusia 19 – 22 tahun dan pernah melakukan pembelian online paling sedikit dua kali. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik incidental sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara kualitas layanan dengan kepuasan konsumen. Saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya adalah jangan membatasi subjek online dengan kriteria paling sedikit dua kali pembelian, hal ini memicu penyebaran angket penelitian yang kurang merata. Sementara untuk konsumen online jika ingin mendapatkan produk online dan tidak mengeluarkan banyak biaya, hendak membeli di jejaring sosial

INVESTMENT IN ANTIVIRAL DRUGS:A REAL OPTIONS APPROACH

Real options analysis is a promising approach to model investment under uncertainty. We employ this approach to value stockpiling of antiviral drugs as a precautionary measure against a possible influenza pandemic. Modifications of the real options approach to include risk attitude and deviations from expected utility are presented. We show that risk aversion counteracts the tendency to delay investment for this case of precautionary investment, which is in contrast to earlier applications of risk aversion to real options analysis. Moreover, we provide a numerical example using real world data and discuss the implications of real options analysis for health policy. Suggestions for further extensions of the model and a comparison with the expected value of information analysis are put forward. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: a role for ion channels

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, it is estimated to affect over 40 million people worldwide. Classically, the disease has been characterized by the neuropathological hallmarks of aggregated extracellular amyloid-β and intracellular paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau. A wealth of evidence indicates a pivotal role for the innate immune system, such as microglia, and inflammation in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The over production and aggregation of Alzheimer's associated proteins results in chronic inflammation and disrupts microglial clearance of these depositions. Despite being non-excitable, microglia express a diverse array of ion channels which shape their physiological functions. In support of this, there is a growing body of evidence pointing to the involvement of microglial ion channels contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the evidence for an array of microglia ion channels and their importance in modulating microglial homeostasis and how this process could be disrupted in Alzheimer's disease. One promising avenue for assessing the role that microglia play in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease is through using induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia. Here, we examine what is already understood in terms of the molecular underpinnings of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease, and the utility that inducible pluripotent stem cell derived microglia may have to advance this knowledge. We outline the variability that occurs between the use of animal and human models with regards to the importance of microglial ion channels in generating a relevant functional model of brain inflammation. Overcoming these hurdles will be pivotal in order to develop new drug targets and progress our understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease

Bounded-width polynomial-size branching programs recognize exactly those languages in NC1

AbstractWe show that any language recognized by an NC1 circuit (fan-in 2, depth O(log n)) can be recognized by a width-5 polynomial-size branching program. As any bounded-width polynomial-size branching program can be simulated by an NC1 circuit, we have that the class of languages recognized by such programs is exactly nonuniform NC1. Further, following Ruzzo (J. Comput. System Sci. 22 (1981), 365–383) and Cook (Inform. and Control 64 (1985) 2–22), if the branching programs are restricted to be ATIME(logn)-uniform, they recognize the same languages as do ATIME(log n)-uniform NC1 circuits, that is, those languages in ATIME(log n). We also extend the method of proof to investigate the complexity of the word problem for a fixed permutation group and show that polynomial size circuits of width 4 also recognize exactly nonuniform NC1

Environmental Impact Determinants: An Empirical Analysis based on the STIRPAT Model

AbstractThis paper attempt to investigate the impact of economic and population growth, urbanization level, energy intensity and Kyoto protocol obligations on carbon dioxide emissions using the STIRPAT model (STochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology). Our sample of countries is decomposed into groups according to the revenue level and the analyzed period extends from 1980 through 2010. Using several methods to estimate panel data, we find that there is a significant effect of economic growth, population growth, urbanization level and Kyoto protocol on emissions level and this effect depends on the revenue level

Small Nuclear RNAs Encoded by Herpesvirus saimiri Upregulate the Expression of Genes Linked to T Cell Activation in Virally Transformed T Cells

SummarySeven small nuclear RNAs of the Sm class are encoded by Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), a γ Herpesvirus that causes aggressive T cell leukemias and lymphomas in New World primates and efficiently transforms T cells in vitro [1–4]. The Herpesvirus saimiri U RNAs (HSURs) are the most abundant viral transcripts in HVS-transformed, latently infected T cells but are not required for viral replication or transformation in vitro [5]. We have compared marmoset T cells transformed with wild-type or a mutant HVS lacking the most highly conserved HSURs, HSURs 1 and 2. Microarray and Northern analyses reveal that HSUR 1 and 2 expression correlates with significant increases in a small number of host mRNAs, including the T cell-receptor β and γ chains, the T cell and natural killer (NK) cell-surface receptors CD52 and DAP10, and intracellular proteins—SKAP55, granulysin, and NKG7—linked to T cell and NK cell activation. Upregulation of three of these transcripts was rescued after transduction of deletion-mutant-HVS-transformed cells with a lentiviral vector carrying HSURs 1 and 2. These changes indicate an unexpected role for the HSURs in regulating a remarkably defined and physiologically relevant set of host targets involved in the activation of virally transformed T cells during latency

Evaluating the Validation Process:Embracing Complexity and Transparency in Health Economic Modelling

Reimbursement decisions and price negotiation of healthcare interventions often rely on health economic model results. Such decisions affect resource allocation, patient outcomes and future healthcare choices. To ensure optimal decisions, assessing the validity of health economic models may be crucial. Validation involves much more than identifying (and hopefully correcting) errors in the model implementation. It also includes assessing the conceptual validity of the model and validation of the model input data, and checking whether the model’s predictions align sufficiently well with real-world data. In the context of health economics, validation can be defined as “the act of evaluating whether a model is a proper and sufficient representation of the system it is intended to represent in view of an application”, meaning that the model complies with what is known about the system and its outcomes provide a robust basis for decision making.[...]Validation of health economic models should be seen as a critical component of evidence-based decision making in healthcare. However, as of today, it still faces several important challenges, including the lack of consensus guidance and standardised procedures, the need for greater rigour or the question of who should oversee the validation process. To address these challenges, we encourage model developers, agencies requiring models for their decision making and editors of journals that publish models to recommend the use of state-of-the-art tools for reporting (and conducting) validations of health economic models, such as those mentioned in this editorial