"Are you accepting new patients?" A pilot field experiment on telephone-based gatekeeping and Black patients' access to pediatric care.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether name and accent cues that the caller is Black shape physician offices' responses to telephone-based requests for well-child visits. METHOD AND DATA: In this pilot study, we employed a quasi-experimental audit design and examined a stratified national sample of pediatric and family practice offices. Our final data include information from 205 audits (410 completed phone calls). Qualitative data were blind-coded into binary variables. Our case-control comparisons using McNemar's tests focused on acceptance of patients, withholding information, shaping conversations, and misattributions. FINDINGS: Compared to the control group, "Black" auditors were less likely to be told an office was accepting new patients and were more likely to experience both withholding behaviors and misattributions about public insurance. The strength of associations varied according to whether the cue was based on name or accent. Additionally, the likelihood and ways office personnel communicated that they were not accepting patients varied by region. CONCLUSIONS: Linguistic profiling over the telephone is an aspect of structural racism that should be further studied and perhaps integrated into efforts to promote equitable access to care. Future research should look reactions to both name and accent, taking practice characteristics and regional differences into consideration

Rural Teachers’ and Non-Rural Teachers’ Motivations to Teach: Differences and Similarities

The purpose of this study was to explore the motivations of teachers in a Midwestern state that has a mix of rural and non-rural geographic regions. Namely, this study set out to identify differences between educators working in rural areas and those working in non-rural (urban or suburban) regions by examining their motivations, perceptions, and reasons for teaching through administration of the Factors Influencing Teaching Choice (FIT-Choice) survey to a group of 616 Midwestern educators. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis confirms that the collected data do fit the model as outlined by Watt and Richardson, and significant differences were found between 6 of 18 measured subfactors, including: fallback career, job transferability, time for family, salary, satisfaction teaching, and social contribution. As policy interacts with place, these findings suggest that a one-size-fits-all policy model may warrant reconsideration. Rural and non-rural teachers are not identical groups, and perhaps the differences run deeper than teachers simply needing more exposure to a rural setting

Implementing a Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Intervention for Safer Conception among HIV Serodiscordant Couples: Recommendations for Health Care Providers

Couples in HIV serodiscordant relationships frequently desire children. Although partners who are virally suppressed pose almost no risk of transmitting HIV to their partners, partners who are inconsistently on therapy may transmit HIV to their partners when attempting to conceive. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an available safer conception strategy for these couples but is not consistently offered. We sought to better understand barriers to PrEP implementation for couples seeking conception and patient perceptions on what providers could do to encourage use. We conducted in-depth, qualitative interviews with 11 participants representing six couples taking PrEP for safer conception in a safety-net hospital in New England. Semi-structured qualitative interviews assessed the following: Relationship nature and contextual factors; attitudes and perceptions regarding PrEP for safer conception; experience within health care systems related to HIV and PrEP; and facilitators, barriers, and other experiences using PrEP for safer conception. Four key themes have important implications for implementation of PrEP for safer conception: Knowledge and understanding gaps regarding HIV and PrEP among both members of the couple, role of insurance and financing in decision-making, learning to manage and adhere to a treatment plan, and the need for providers to enhance knowledge and offer further support. Addressing barriers to safer conception strategies at multiple levels is needed to prevent HIV transmission within serodiscordant couples who desire children. Providers can play an important role in lowering these barriers through the use of multiple strategies

Linking Research Questions to Mixed Methods Data Analysis Procedures 1

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of research questions in mixed methods studies. First, we discuss the ways that the goal of the study, the research objective(s), and the research purpose shape the formation of research questions. Second, we compare and contrast quantitative research questions and qualitative research questions. Third, we describe how to write mixed methods research questions, which we define as questions that embed quantitative and qualitative research questions. Finally, we provide a framework for linking research questions to mixed methods data analysis techniques. A major goal of our framework is to illustrate that the development of research questions and data analysis procedures in mixed method studies should occur logically and sequentially

Sampling Designs in Qualitative Research: Making the Sampling Process More Public

The purpose of this paper is to provide a typology of sampling designs for qualitative researchers. We introduce the following sampling strategies: (a) parallel sampling designs, which represent a body of sampling strategies that facilitate credible comparisons of two or more different subgroups that are extracted from the same levels of study; (b) nested sampling designs, which are sampling strategies that facilitate credible comparisons of two or more members of the same subgroup, wherein one or more members of the subgroup represent a sub-sample of the full sample; and (c) multilevel sampling designs, which represent sampling strategies that facilitate credible comparisons of two or more subgroups that are extracted from different levels of study

Enhancing the Interpretation of Significant Findings: The Role of Mixed Methods Research

The present essay outlines how mixed methods research can be used to enhance the interpretation of significant findings. First, we define what we mean by significance in educational evaluation research. With regard to quantitative-based research, we define the four types of significance: statistical significance, practical significance, clinical significance, and economic significance. With respect to qualitative-based research, we define a significant finding as one that has meaning or representation. Second, we describe limitations of each of these types of significance. Finally, we illustrate how conducting mixed methods analyses can be used to enhance the interpretation of significant findings in both quantitative and qualitative educational evaluation and policy research. Consequently, mixed methods research represents the real gold standard for studying phenomena

Pathways to Teaching: African American Male Teens Explore Teaching as a Career

The need for African American male teachers is clear ; however their pathway to teaching disrepair. This article shares research findings and a description of a pre-collegiate course designed to encourage high school students of color , including African American males explore teaching. More specifically, drawing from survey and interview data, the researchers examine factors that influence 11th and 12th grade African American males\u27 (N consideration of a teaching career and explore the impact of a pre-collegiate pathway to teaching program. The results of this mixed methods study expose the complexity of effective recruitment while also demonstrating how a successful program has the capacity to encourage young African American males to reframe their thinking and see themselves as potential future teachers

Pathways to Teaching: African American Male Teens Explore Teaching as a Career

The need for African American male teachers is clear ; however their pathway to teaching disrepair. This article shares research findings and a description of a pre-collegiate course designed to encourage high school students of color , including African American males explore teaching. More specifically, drawing from survey and interview data, the researchers examine factors that influence 11th and 12th grade African American males\u27 (N consideration of a teaching career and explore the impact of a pre-collegiate pathway to teaching program. The results of this mixed methods study expose the complexity of effective recruitment while also demonstrating how a successful program has the capacity to encourage young African American males to reframe their thinking and see themselves as potential future teachers

Validation of the Principal’s High Stakes Testing Survey

The purpose of this study was to examine the soundness of the psychometric characteristics of the Principal’s High Stakes Testing Survey. The 48-item instrument is comprised of six hypothesized subscales (i.e., curriculum, teaching, work satisfaction, stress, accountability, and students) measured with a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). An expert panel reviewed the instrument plus an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Expert panel members suggested only a few minor modifications to improve the instrument. The confirmatory factor analyses yielded data to support the fit of the model and the factorial invariance of the model by gender and race or ethnicity

Artifacts at 4.5 and 8.0 um in Short Wavelength Spectra from the Infrared Space Observatory

Spectra from the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) on ISO exhibit artifacts at 4.5 and 8 um. These artifacts appear in spectra from a recent data release, OLP 10.0, as spurious broad emission features in the spectra of stars earlier than ~F0, such as alpha CMa. Comparison of absolutely calibrated spectra of standard stars to corresponding spectra from the SWS reveals that these artifacts result from an underestimation of the strength of the CO and SiO molecular bands in the spectra of sources used as calibrators by the SWS. Although OLP 10.0 was intended to be the final data release, these findings have led to an additional release addressing this issue, OLP 10.1, which corrects the artifacts.Comment: 14 pages, AASTex, including 5 figures. Accepted by ApJ Letter