Relationship between stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age and maternal employment status in Peru: A sub-analysis of the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey

Objectives This study aimed to determine the relationship between stunting in children 6 to 36 months old and maternal employment status in Peru. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using information from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Peru. We used a representative sample of 4637 mother-child binomials to determine the association between stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age and the employment status of their mothers. Results The prevalence of stunting among children was 15.9% (95% CI: 13.9–16.7). The prevalence of working mothers was 63.7%. No association was found between maternal employment status and the presence of stunting in children [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.9 to 1.2; p = 0.627). However, on multivariate analysis we found that the prevalence of stunting was significantly higher among children of mothers performing unpaid work (12.4%) (PR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.2–1.6; p < 0.001) compared with those of paid working mothers. Conclusion No significant association was found between maternal employment status and the presence of stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age. However, children of mothers doing unpaid work are at higher risk of stunting. These findings support the implementation of educational programs and labour policies to reduce the prevalence of stunting among children. © 2019 Chávez-Zárate et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Revisión por paresRevisión por pare

Non-classical ProIL-1beta activation during mammary gland infection is pathogen-dependent but caspase-1 independent

Infection of the mammary gland with live bacteria elicits a pathogen-specific host inflammatory response. To study these host-pathogen interactions wild type mice, NF-kappaB reporter mice as well as caspase-1 and IL-1beta knockout mice were intramammarily challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The murine mastitis model allowed to compare the kinetics of the induced cytokine protein profiles and their underlying pathways. In vivo and ex vivo imaging showed that E. coli rapidly induced NF-kappaB inflammatory signaling concomitant with high mammary levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha and MCP-1 as determined by multiplex analysis. In contrast, an equal number of S. aureus bacteria induced a low NF-kappaB activity concomitant with high mammary levels of the classical IL-1beta fragment. These quantitative and qualitative differences in local inflammatory mediators resulted in an earlier neutrophil influx and in a more extensive alveolar damage post-infection with E. coli compared to S. aureus. Western blot analysis revealed that the inactive proIL-1beta precursor was processed into pathogen-specific IL-1beta fragmentation patterns as confirmed with IL-1beta knockout animals. Additionally, caspase-1 knockout animals allowed to investigate whether IL-1beta maturation depended on the conventional inflammasome pathway. The lack of caspase-1 did not prevent extensive proIL-1beta fragmentation by either of S. aureus or E. coli. These non-classical IL-1beta patterns were likely caused by different proteases and suggest a sentinel function of IL-1beta during mammary gland infection. Thus, a key signaling nodule can be defined in the differential host innate immune defense upon E. coli versus S. aureus mammary gland infection, which is independent of caspase-1

Global Spatial Risk Assessment of Sharks Under the Footprint of Fisheries

Effective ocean management and conservation of highly migratory species depends on resolving overlap between animal movements and distributions and fishing effort. Yet, this information is lacking at a global scale. Here we show, using a big-data approach combining satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and global fishing fleets, that 24% of the mean monthly space used by sharks falls under the footprint of pelagic longline fisheries. Space use hotspots of commercially valuable sharks and of internationally protected species had the highest overlap with longlines (up to 76% and 64%, respectively) and were also associated with significant increases in fishing effort. We conclude that pelagic sharks have limited spatial refuge from current levels of high-seas fishing effort. Results demonstrate an urgent need for conservation and management measures at high-seas shark hotspots and highlight the potential of simultaneous satellite surveillance of megafauna and fishers as a tool for near-real time, dynamic management

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

The Evolution of Maquiladora Best Practices: 1965–2008

maquiladora industry, mexico, best practices, continuous improvement,

Parathyroidectomy in chronic kidney disease patients in Argentina: pre surgical studies, types of surgery, recurrence and persistence

Introduction: Parathyroidectomy (PTx) is the selecte treatment for patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, refractory to medical treatment. There is not enough information about this procedure in Argentina, that is the reason why we performed this study. Methods: 255 patients with PTx were included from the year 2003 to 2007 on a voluntary register. Studies of pre-surgical localization, phosphocalcic metabolism laboratories before and after surgery were evaluated, and the type of surgical technique used. The persistence and recurrence of post-surgical hyperparathyroidism was analyzed. Results: The PTx rate was 2,7/1000 patients year. 83% of the patients had neck echography and 59% Sestamibi scans with Tc 99. There was a positive correlation (p<0,001) between the number of detected glands by echography and Sestamibi. The parathyroidectomy performed was: subtotal in 77%, total with self-implant in 14% and total without self-implant in 9%. There were significant falls of Ca and P, Alkaline Phosphatase and PTH (1744±788 pg/ml to 247±450 pg/ml; p<0.0001) post-surgical. 2.4 ±2,5 months after the PTx, 72% of patients had PTH <2 50 pg/ml, 19,8% had persistence and 8,3% had recurrence. According to the type of surgery, the persistence and recurrence were for subtotal PTx 22% and 8,3%, total PTx with implant 11% and 11%, and total PTx without selfimplant 13% and 4% respectively. The performance of the Sestamibi scan did not affect the PTx results. No noticeable differences were observed among the centers for persistence and recurrence. Conclusions: The PTx rate was very low, echography was the preferred method of pre-surgical localization, and subtotal PTx was the most used surgical technique. PTx was successful in most of the patients, and persistence and recurrence were not related to the technique

Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 47 Número 1-2

Prólogo. Por la Comisión Coordinadora.-- Presentación. Por C. Roquero.-- Introducción. Por M. Delgado.-- Introduction. Translated by J. K. Caunt & D. A. Jenkins.-- Relaciones suelo-vegetación en medios halomorfos de Lérida. Soil/vegetation relationship in saline marshlands, (Lerida). Por J. Bech, J. R. Torrento y J. Garrido.-- Aportaciones bioqufmicas a la caract erización del Humus Tangel de Kubiena sobre rocas de silicatos. Biochemical contribution to the characterization of the Kubiena Tangel Humus over silicate rocks. Por F. Velasco de Pedro.-- Estudio morfológico de un perfil de Rendsina de Tangel del Pinsapar de Grazalema (Cádiz ). Morphological study of Tangel - Rendzina profile of Spanish - fir forest area (A bies pin- sapo) in Grazalema, Province of Cadiz. Por L. E. Corral, C. Espino, J. Mérida y G. Paneque.-- Histosoles de las sierras planas de Asturias. Histosoles from the sierras planas, Asturias. Por F. Guerrero y A. Polo.-- Aporte de la fracción arena gruesa al conocimiento de la génesis del suelo. Contribution of the coarse sand fraction to soil genesis. Por C. Dorronsoro.-- lndices de alteración mineral en las fracciones arena gruesa de suelos. Mineral weathering indices of coarse sand fractions of soils. Por C. Dorronsoro, J. del Arco Ortiz de Zarate y P. Alonso Rojo.-- Xerochrepts de las Sierras de Orce y María (Granada y Almer!a). Xerochrepts from the Orce and Maria Sierras, (Granada and Almeria). Por L. J. Alías y J. Martínez Sánchez.-- Génesis y morfología de las acumulaciones calizas. Genesis and morphology of calcretes. Por V. Gómez-Miguel.-- Micromorfología de Jos horizontes cálcicos y petrocálcicos. Micromorphology of calcic and petrocalcic horizons. Por C. Baños y M. Ayerbe.-- Micromorfología de suelos con yeso. Micromorphology of gypsiferous soils. Por J. Porta y J. Herrero.-- Estudio de Jos gypsiorthids de Navarra. Study of gypsiorthids in Navarra. Por F. J. Arricibita Videgain, J. Iñiguez Herrero y R. Mª. Val Legaz.-- Micromorfología de algunos suelos con acumulaciones de yeso en la región central española (Toledo, Ciudad Real). Micromorphology of soils with gypsum enrichment in the central region of Spain (Toledo, Ciudad Reai).PorJ. Benayas, A. Guerra, J. Batllé y J. Gumuzzio. La hidromorfía y sus rasgos micromorfológicos. Hydromorphy and its micromorphological features. Por C. Dorronsoro, P. Alonso Rojo y T . Rodríguez Rebollo. Micromorfología de Cambisoles crómicos y vérticos. Micromorphology of chromic and vertic Cambisols. Por J. Aguilar y E. Ortega.-- Micromorfología de Cambisoles Eútricos y Dístricos. Micromorphology of Eutric and Dystric Cambisols.PorJ. Aguilar, E. Ortega y G. Delgado.-- El proceso de iluviación de arcilla. Clay iJluviation process. Por C. Dorronsoro y J. Aguilar.-- Micromorfología de una cronosecuencia de suelos en la región de Calvarrasa (Salamanca). Micromorphology of a soil chronosequence in the area of Calvarrasa (Salamanca). Por C. Dorronsoro, J. del Arco Ortiz de Zárate y P. Alonso Rojo.-- Variabilidad de Jos diferentes tipos de suelos rojos en España. Variability of the different types of red soils in Spain. Por L. Alcalá del Olmo B. y F. Monturiol Rodríguez.-- Evaluación de la distribución de manganeso en algunos suelos mediterráneos. Evaluation of manganese distribution in mediterranean soils. Por R. Jiménez Ballesta, A. Guerra, J. Gallardo y J. J. Ibáñez.-- Micromorfologfa de Jos suelos ferralíticos en las Islas Canarias. Micromorphology of ferrallitic soils in the Canary Islands. Por A. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, C. C. Jiménez Mendoza y M. L. Tejedor Salguero.-- Micromorfología y génesis de Podsoles y suelos podsolicos. Micromorphology and genesis of Podsols and podsolic soils. Por F. Macías Vázquez, C. García Paz, B. M. Silva Hermo, E. García-Rodeja Gayoso y M. T . Taboada Rodríguez.-- Micromorfometría de suelos. Principios y técnicas. Soil micromorphometry. Principies and tecniques.Por C. Dorronsoro.-- Micromorfometría de suelos. Aplicaciones. Soil micromorphometry. Applications. Por C. Dorronsoro.-- Micromorfometría de paleosuelos afectados por presión y temperatura de coladas basálticas "Almagres" en las Islas Canarias. Micromorphometry of paleosols affected by pressure and temperature of basaltic flows ("Almagres") in the Canary Islands. Por H. Carbajal, J. Benayas y Mª J. HerreraPeer reviewe