Coating synthesis controlled by electron-beam heating

The methods of combined electron-beam treatment of parts made of steel with one- and two-layer coatings are studied experimentally. Ti-Ni, Ni-Al and Al-Ti systems were used as the examples in the experiments. The mathematical model is suggested for coating formation in the controlled regime of high temperature synthesis during high energy source motion along the preliminarily deposited layer of exothermic composition. The study takes into account the difference in thermophysical properties of the materials of coating and substrate, heat release from chemical reaction that leads to the coating properties formation and other factors. The realization of the synthesis depends on technological parameters. Various regimes of the treatment process are investigated numerically

Effect of organically bound iodine in cattle feed on health indicators

Currently, the problem of iodine deficiency is actual in the world, which may cause a large number of diseases and disorders. The problem of iodine deficiency for humans may be partly solved by enriching agricultural products with iodine, i.e. by providing animals with an increased intake of iodine during their growth. Theoretically, the most effective way to use iodine is the form bound to tyrosine, since diiodotyrosine has been proven to be a thyroxine precursor. Taking it into account, a supplement was developed containing iodine organically bound to tyrosine and histidine. In this work, we studied the effect of this supplement introduced into the diets of cattle on biochemical parameters of animal blood. In the test group, which received the supplement with organically bound iodine, an improvement in nitrogen metabolism was noted compared to the control group. This was most clearly demonstrated by the content of urea, since in the test group, its content decreased by ≈15 percentage points, and by the content of creatinine, since its increase in the test group was more than 20 percentage points. Differences in the parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism between treatments were also noted, as in the blood of animals from the test group, the content of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, glucose and malondialdehyde was lower than in the control group. In mineral metabolism and morphological parameters, there was no significant difference between treatments. Among the indicators of pigment and hormone metabolism, it is important to note the reduced content of cortisol in the blood of animals from the test group. Its level was lower by ≈17.23 percentage points compared to the control group. A decrease in cortisol levels indicated a lower stress load in the test group. In general, studies have shown that the use of a feed supplement containing organically bound iodine has a positive effect on the metabolism of animals.Currently, the problem of iodine deficiency is actual in the world, which may cause a large number of diseases and disorders. The problem of iodine deficiency for humans may be partly solved by enriching agricultural products with iodine, i.e. by providing animals with an increased intake of iodine during their growth. Theoretically, the most effective way to use iodine is the form bound to tyrosine, since diiodotyrosine has been proven to be a thyroxine precursor. Taking it into account, a supplement was developed containing iodine organically bound to tyrosine and histidine. In this work, we studied the effect of this supplement introduced into the diets of cattle on biochemical parameters of animal blood. In the test group, which received the supplement with organically bound iodine, an improvement in nitrogen metabolism was noted compared to the control group. This was most clearly demonstrated by the content of urea, since in the test group, its content decreased by ≈15 percentage points, and by the content of creatinine, since its increase in the test group was more than 20 percentage points. Differences in the parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism between treatments were also noted, as in the blood of animals from the test group, the content of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, glucose and malondialdehyde was lower than in the control group. In mineral metabolism and morphological parameters, there was no significant difference between treatments. Among the indicators of pigment and hormone metabolism, it is important to note the reduced content of cortisol in the blood of animals from the test group. Its level was lower by ≈17.23 percentage points compared to the control group. A decrease in cortisol levels indicated a lower stress load in the test group. In general, studies have shown that the use of a feed supplement containing organically bound iodine has a positive effect on the metabolism of animals

Scale effects in tribological properties of solid-lubricating composites made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene filled with calcium stearate particles

Friction properties being influenced by scale effects are simulated in the paper by the example of polymer composite material made from Ultra High-Molecular Weight Polyethylenes (UHMWPE) filled by calcium stearate (C[36]H[70]CaO[4]). Of interest are the composites whose mechanical properties and tribotechnical characteristics do not depend monotonically on filler (inclusions) weight fraction. In order to describe the influence of scale effects onto frictional properties the model based on Reiss averaging (model of "weak phase") is employed. It is also suggested that when gradient elasticity theory is applicable the formal analogy between effective friction coefficient for surface heterogeneous structures and effective mechanical properties (compliances) for heterogeneous material can take place. Theoretical dependence to describe nonmonotonic change of effective friction coefficient versus filler concentration was obtained for the polymer composites under study. The suggested expressions might be useful for the sake of properties prognosis of antifriction polymeric materilas

The formation of flavoring characteristics of meat products by changing the chemical composition of food compositions

The article presents the results of the study of changes in flavour characteristics when using corrective additives. Monosodium glutamate, ribotide, yeast extract and hydrolysate of vegetable soy protein were used as flavoring additives (FA). To assess the effect of composition of meat product recipe, as well as the method of FA‑introduction on taste intensity, the recipes of model meat systems with partial replacement of meat raw materials were used. Pork fat, soy protein and potato starch were used as meat substitutes. The effect of recipe composition on the content of non-volatile substances of aroma was accessed. It is shown that replacement of pork by pork fat in the recipe by 20–40% led to a sharp decrease in the concentration of aromatic substances and a decrease in intensity of taste of the finished product several times. The ways for taste correction using FA was studied. For this, a chopped semi-finished product — minced meat was prepared from chilled whole-muscle pork and 0.05% of each FA was added. It is shown that the dynamics of changes in the content of free amino acids is the most pronounced when using monosodium glutamate not as a mono-additive, but in compositions: monosodium glutamate with yeast extract and monosodium glutamate with ribotide. A pool of chemical compounds involved in the formation of taste and aroma of products was detected. The main components were derivatives of C6–C24 fatty acids, as well as a significant number of other biochemical compounds, mainly substituted amines, amides, alcohols and ketones, with a content ranging from 0.001 to 0.2 mg/kg. The results of organoleptic analysis showed that the most delicious and attractive samples were those containing monosodium glutamate with yeast extract and monosodium glutamate with ribotide

Использование Урисана у больных подагрой

Objective: to evaluate the safety, tolerance, and efficacy of the herbal complex Urisan used in patients with gout within the Russian multicenter study. Subjects and methods. Thirty males aged 34 to 56 years with a valid diagnosis of gout after S.L. Wallace and a 1-7-year (mean 4,8 years) history of the disease were examined at the Rheumatology Unit of a Kursk regional hospital. Nineteen and 11 patients were stated to have tophaceous and nontophaceous gout, respectively. The total number of involved joints ranged from 3 to 10 (mean 4,6 joints). The study included patients with interictal gout. All the patients took Urisan in a full dose of 2 capsules (550 mg) twice daily for a month. Results. Prior to Urisan therapy, the mean serum level of uric acid (UA) was 569,5±102,4 ⎧mol/l; daily UA excretion averaged 4769,8 ⎧mol/l. Urisan therapy reduced UA levels by an average of 120 ⎧mol/l and increased daily urinary UA excretion by an average of 198,8 цmol/l. Conclusion. Urisan used against gout for 30 days causes an average 21% reduction in the serum levels of UA and a 4,1% increase in its urinary excretion. There were no exacerbations of gout during Urisan therapy.Цель исследования - оценка в рамках Российского многоцентрового исследования безопасности, переносимости и эффективности применения растительного комплекса Урисан у пациентов с подагрой. Материал и методы. В ревматологическом отделении областной больницы г. Курска обследованы 30 мужчин в возрасте от 34 до 56 лет с достоверным диагнозом подагры по S.L. Wallace и длительностью болезни от 1 года до 7 лет (в среднем - 4,8 года). У 19 пациентов констатирована тофусная подагра, у 11 - бестофусная. Общее количество пораженных суставов колебалось от 3 до 10 (среднем - 4,6 сустава). В исследование включали больных подагрой в межприступный период. Все пациенты принимали Урисан в полной дозе по 2 капсулы (по 550 мг) 2 раза в день в течение месяца. Результаты исследования. Средний уровень мочевой кислоты (МК) в сыворотке крови больных до терапии Урисаном составил 569,5±102,4 мкмоль/л, суточная экскреция МК - в среднем 4769,8 ммоль/л. На фоне терапии Урисаном у больных отмечены снижение уровня МК в среднем на 120 мкмоль/л, а также увеличение уровня экскреции МК с мочой в среднем на 198,8 ммоль/л в сутки. Выводы. Прием Урисана при подагре в течение 30 дней приводит к снижению сывороточного уровня МК в среднем на 21% и увеличению экскреции МК с мочой - на 4,1%. На фоне терапии Урисаном не наблюдалось обострений подагры

The Problem of Law-Abiding Behavior among Minors in Educational Institutions: Domestic and Foreign Experience

At present, the problem of sustaining the law-abiding behavior of minors in educational institutions, identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to the development of deviant behavior of students is becoming more and more topical. This paper presents the results of a monitoring study of the current state of the activities carried out by educational institutions to form the law-abiding behavior of minors in the territorial entities of the Russian Federation. It also presents the results of a theoretical study of the foreign experience of educational institutions in the framework of maintaining the law-abiding behavior of minors in the educational environment. The conclusions have been drawn that a system-activity approach should be the basis of an educational impact in educational institutions which will provide: the formation of students’ readiness for self-development; the design and construction of a social environment for the development of students based on moral principles, traditional Russian values, relevant scientific knowledge and skills, respect for the traditions of the multinational, multicultural and multiconfessional Russian society; active educational and cognitive activities of students; building educational and moral education activity, taking account of the individual age-related psychological and physiological characteristics of students and with a focus on educational results. The materials of the paper are part of a large-scale study within the framework of the "Conception for the development of a system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency for the period up to 2020", conducted by a team of scientists from 2017 to 2020, whose scientific interests lie in the study of the problem of deviant behavior of minors

Organ-specific LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression in adult Zebrafish

Systemic inflammation is known to be a key component of infection and non-infection diseases progression and may lead to multiorgan failure, persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, catabolism syndrome or even indolent death. This importance dictates the need for relevant in vivo models of inflammation to investigate the pathogenesis of numerous diseases and to perform drug screening. Danio rerio (zebrafish) became one of the most important models to explore biological processes in vivo. The aim of the study was to generate a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of systemic inflammation in vivo using zebrafish and to identify organspecific proinflammatory genes activity after intraperitoneal LPS infusion. We performed organ specific analysis of main proinflammatory genes expression in zebrafish after LPS stimulation. Comparing 18s, eef1a1l1, gapdh, and actb as potential housekeeping genes, we came to conclusion that eef1a1l1 with 99% effectiveness is the most promising for further normalization in this model. The genes activity was the most pronounced in the heart where the expression of IL6, CXCL8a, and CXCL18β was increased up to 100-fold. Moreover, the kidneys were the most involved in the inflammatory process since the highest number of analysed genes were up-regulated there: expression levels of CXCL18β, CXCL8a, IL1β, IL6, Mpeg1.2, and TNFa were significantly increased. This was probably related to the kidney activity as an immune and hematopoietic organ. The lowest reactivity was detected in the muscles. Immune reactions could be dose-dependent, for instance the infusion of 20 µg LPS led to decrease of expression of IFNy, Mpeg 1.2, and Mpeg 1.1 in the liver and to increase of Mpeg 1.2 expression in the kidney comparing with 10 µg dosage. Thus, due to the high degree of the similarity and other unique properties, Danio rerio has the advantage of being relevant model of inflammation. Our model demonstrated that the investigation of isolated zebrafish organs could be useful and informative for the investigation of inflammatory processes

Symmetries and modelling functions for diffusion processes

A constructive approach to theory of diffusion processes is proposed, which is based on application of both the symmetry analysis and method of modelling functions. An algorithm for construction of the modelling functions is suggested. This algorithm is based on the error functions expansion (ERFEX) of experimental concentration profiles. The high-accuracy analytical description of the profiles provided by ERFEX approximation allows a convenient extraction of the concentration dependence of diffusivity from experimental data and prediction of the diffusion process. Our analysis is exemplified by its employment to experimental results obtained for surface diffusion of lithium on the molybdenum (112) surface pre-covered with dysprosium. The ERFEX approximation can be directly extended to many other diffusion systems.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Методика и метрологические характеристики измерений массовой доли глутамата натрия в биологических матрицах

Over the last century the people’s mode of life and eating habits has dramatically changed: the people of developed countries began to consume fast food, and also started disorderly and frequent snacking. The production of dietary meals and the increase of food assortment, including food produced from low-quality ingredients, led to the manufacturer’s necessity to use a large number of functional ingredients, i. e. those that improve taste of the food. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the widely used additives. Monosodium L-Glutamate (E621) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid found in all protein foods; it is used throughout the world as a food flavor enhancer. The legislation of the Russian Federation limits the content of monosodium glutamate, or additive E621, in a food product. Due to the fact that the glutamic acid takes the major weight in the monosodium glutamate molecule, which molecule is naturally present in almost all food products, the weight of the molecule of the E621 additive was determined by content of this amino acid expressed in terms of monosodium glutamate. In connection with the foregoing, it became necessary to develop a method for the quantitative determination of the mass fraction of monosodium glutamate introduced into food during the production of food products. Within the framework of this research a new method for determining the share of added monosodium glutamate is proposed, which is not associated with the natural content of glutamic acid. The authors have developed a method for determining the mass fraction of monosodium glutamate in food products with the help of high performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. This research presents metrological assessment of the developed methodology, determines accuracy rates and reproducibility factors in two concentrations ranges. For a range of 0.1 to 1%, the reproducibility is set at 17% and the accuracy rate is set at 30%. For the range of 1–10%, the reproducibility is 6%, the accuracy rate is 10% respectively. Also, during the development of the method, the lower limits for the quantitative determination (Limit of Detection — LOD) and qualitative determination (Limit of Quantification — LOQ) of the method were calculated. LOQ was equal to 0.01% and LOD accounted for 0.1%. The method has successfully passed the metrological certification and is included in the Register of Measurement Methods of the Russian Federation. It can be used by accredited laboratories for assessment and control of food quality.За прошедшее столетие образ жизни и пищевые привычки человека кардинально изменились: жители развитых стран стали прибегать к быстрому питанию, а также ввели в обиход беспорядочные и частые перекусы. Производство диетических блюд и увеличение ассортимента продуктов питания, в т. ч. вырабатываемого из низкокачественных ингредиентов, приводит к тому, что производителю приходится использовать большое количество функциональных ингредиентов, например таких, которые улучшают вкус. Одной из широко применяемых добавок является глутамат натрия. L-глутамат натрия (Е621) представляет собой натриевую соль глутаминовой кислоты, присутствующую во всех белковых продуктах и используется во всем мире в качестве усилителя вкуса пищи. В законодательстве Российской Федерации установлен уровень внесения глутамата натрия, или добавки Е621, в пищевой продукт. Ввиду того, что основной вес в молекуле глутамата натрия составляет глутаминовая кислота, которая естественным образом присутствует практически во всех продуктах, вес молекулы добавки Е621 определяли по содержанию аналогичной аминокислоты в пересчете на глутамат натрия. В связи с вышесказанным возникла потребность в разработке метода количественного определения массовой доли внесенного глутамата натрия при производстве пищевых продуктов питания. В рамках рассматриваемой работы предложен новый метод идентификации добавленного глутамата натрия, который не связан с природным содержанием глутаминовой кислоты. Авторами разработана методика определения массовой доли глутамата натрия в пищевых продуктах методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии с предколоночной дериватизацией. Представлена метрологическая оценка разработанной методологии, установлены показатели точности и воспроизводимости в двух диапазонах концентраций. Для диапазона от 0,1 до 1% показатель воспроизводимости установлен на уровне 17%, а показатель точности — на уровне 30%. В диапазоне же 1–10% воспроизводимость равняется 6%, точность — 10% соответственно. Также в процессе разработки методики были рассчитаны нижние пределы обнаружения количественного (Limit of Detection — LOD) и качественного (Limit of Quantification — LOQ) определения метода. LOQ составил 0,01%, а LOD = 0,1%. Методика прошла метрологическую аттестацию и внесена в Реестр методик измерений РФ. Она может применяться аккредитованными лабораториями для оценки и контроля качества пищевых продуктов