Possible roles, positions, factors and components of dairying in organic farming – a rewiev, mapping, survey and comparison in the Czech Republic

The full-value experiment is questionable in evaluation organic dairying. It is problem to do a trial under comparable conditions for comparison of organic and conventional farming because of legislative reasons and necessity of long period of such event. Most of comparisons are carried out as practice descriptive observations and any of them has been carried out about milk production. That is main reason, why the aim of this work is to carry out a opening of monitoring of some production conditions and results of bio-dairying in the Czech Republic (CR). The quality aspects of sources, procedures and products are main topics of solution of projects about organic farming philosophy, in particular in solution of organic dairy foodstuff chain. There were choosen twelve organic dairy farms (survey II, 2006) for more detail research of production conditions according to results of exploratory questionnaire (2006, survey I, n = 85 pieces of questionnaire and 58 organic farms, which practicise dairying) in the CR. The climatology characteristics of selected organic dairy farms were as follows: (I) 562±149 m above sea level on the average (from 270 to 970 m a. s. l.); (II) 571.0±69.9 m above sea level, mean year temperature 6.0±1.1 ºC and average year rainfall sum 843.0±184.3 mm. It is clear according to previously mentioned figures that the organic (ecology) dairy farming is realized mostly in the mountain or sub-mountain areas (less favourable areas, LFAs) as compared to climatic conditions of CR mean profile. The results of investigation of organic farm (E) and breeder conditions and dairy cow health state, reproduction performance and milk quality in organic farms (I data file) as compared to conventional dairy cow herds (K) were: milk yield (E) was 14.2±3.4 kg of milk/cow/day on average and 5165±1112 kg/cow/year; E farms have 50 % free stables, some of them as different untraditional modifications (mostly in herds with low number of dairy cows); it is necessary to increase this amount for welfare improvement in the future; there are 52 % of binding stables in K herds; there (E) is high occurrence frequency of can milking equipments (46.4 %); there are 5.4 % cases of hand milking, 21.4 % of pipeline milking equipments and 26.8 % of milking parlours; there (K) are 3 % of can milking equipments, 50 % of pipeline milking equipments and 47 % of milking parlours; the average organic herd has 60±91 heads it means about 1/3 of K herd in the CR; geometrical average (xg) of organic herd size is 17 heads; daily milk deliveries were 1318±1475 kg in summer and 976±1368 kg in winter season (there is too high variability in the mentioned indicators); breed structure of E herds is 59.8 % of Bohemian Spotted cattle, 18.8 % of Holstein (H), 12.5 % of Jersey breed; H breed is dominating 47.5 % in K herds; average ratio of excluded milk (for secretion disorders or treatment) is 2.99 % in E herds and 4.6 % in K herds (P<0.01); also there (E) is lower occurrence of clinical mastitis 0.53±1.97 %; service period is 124.3 days in K and 98.7±46,1 days in E herds on average (P<0.01); there (E) is better insemination index 1.66±0.45 in comparison to K herds 2.07 (P<0.01); there is longer longevity as duration of production life of dairy cows in E herds (6.02 lactations, „about 141 % better”) in comparison to K herds (2.50 lactations, P<0.01); milk quality showed the average total mesophilic bacteria count (CPM) 36.0±26.8 ths. CFU/ml in organic farms (E), which is comparable to the conventional farms (K); somatic cell count (PSB) was 192±87 ths./ml in E herds and 256 ths./ml in K herds, which is in connection with the lower ratio of milk exclusion from delivery in E herds; an occurrence of residues of inhibitory substances (RIL) was not reported in E herds, which is more advantageous in comparison to the K herds (0.16 %) and it could be an impact of lowered antibiotica drug use; the average fat and lactose contents (T; 4.05±0.19 %) and (L; 4.83±0.15 %) are well comparable with K farms and the results show on higher energy deficiency in E herd nutrition. The water quality (II) is necessary in dairying as well. Drinking water is necessary for health of animals (their watering) and for milk quality (milking equipment sanitation) as well. Drinking water is asked in dairy farms by legislation. The E farm water quality: the nitrate level varied in the range from 1.63 to 28 mg/l with average 10.5 mg/l in ecological farms and standard limit 50 mg/l was not exceeded; the levels of nitrite and ammonia ions were mostly under detection limit of method; legislative limit <0.5 mg/l was not exceeded by nitrite and once by ammonia ions 0.81 mg/l. The microbiological indicators are more sensitive of course. In total the limits were exceeded 7× u in coliform bacteria, 3× in streptococci and Escherichia coli was confirmed 3× (in comparison to demand 0). Therefore it is necessary to take care of incidental water source sanitation. The effect of origin of water source (communal water pipes or own well in the organic farm area) which was used in the organic farming (II) was: the more marked result differences were not observed between own wells (S) and communal water supply (V) in E farms; an exception was stated in insignificantly better results of hygienic indicators of communal supply; therefore it is necessary to put the higher importance on sanitation of own water sources. There were identified eight own wells and four communal supply. E. g. nitrate levels were a little higher for wells 11.7 > 8.2 mg/l. The nitrites were not different. Chemical oxygen consumption was 0.45 and 0.52 mg/l. The more expressive differences were identified in chlorides, sulphates and Mg: 8.33 and 3.02 mg/l; 27.9 and 16.8 mg/l; 18.9 and 3.5 mg/l

Building A Winning NFL Roster: Best Practices For Sustained Success

The purpose of this capstone is to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to team success in the National Football League through a review of relevant literature, a survey of league personnel, and firsthand experience as a football administrator. This project first studies quantitative data regarding player acquisition, specifically the data behind the NFL entry draft. Next, the current literature regarding off the field processes such as leadership, organizational culture and engagement were reviewed and finally, a two-step Delphi method survey was distributed to a panel of current league professionals. This paper aims to find the most efficient and effective way for teams to acquire players and several ways to optimize that talent based on the best practices researched in organizational culture and leadership

An anisotropic distribution of spin vectors in asteroid families

Current amount of ~500 asteroid models derived from the disk-integrated photometry by the lightcurve inversion method allows us to study not only the spin-vector properties of the whole population of MBAs, but also of several individual collisional families. We create a data set of 152 asteroids that were identified by the HCM method as members of ten collisional families, among them are 31 newly derived unique models and 24 new models with well-constrained pole-ecliptic latitudes of the spin axes. The remaining models are adopted from the DAMIT database or the literature. We revise the preliminary family membership identification by the HCM method according to several additional criteria - taxonomic type, color, albedo, maximum Yarkovsky semi-major axis drift and the consistency with the size-frequency distribution of each family, and consequently we remove interlopers. We then present the spin-vector distributions for eight asteroidal families. We use a combined orbital- and spin-evolution model to explain the observed spin-vector properties of objects among collisional families. In general, we observe for studied families similar trends in the (a_p, \beta) space: (i) larger asteroids are situated in the proximity of the center of the family; (ii) asteroids with \beta>0{\deg} are usually found to the right from the family center; (iii) on the other hand, asteroids with \beta<0{\deg} to the left from the center; (iv) majority of asteroids have large pole-ecliptic latitudes (|\beta|\gtrsim 30{\deg}); and finally (v) some families have a statistically significant excess of asteroids with \beta>0{\deg} or \beta<0{\deg}. Our numerical simulation of the long-term evolution of a collisional family is capable of reproducing well the observed spin-vector properties. Using this simulation, we also independently constrain the age of families Flora (1.0\pm0.5 Gyr) and Koronis (2.5-4 Gyr).Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A (September 16, 2013

SEPARATION OF SULFUR-CONTAINING FATTY ACIDS FROM GARLIC, ALLIUM SATIVUM, USING SERIALLY COUPLED CAPILLARY COLUMNS WITH CONSECUTIVE NONPOLAR, SEMIPOLAR, AND POLAR STATIONARY PHASES

SUMMARY A GC-MS method with serially coupled capillary columns containing consecutive nonpolar, semipolar, and polar stationary phases has been used for determination of fatty acids in garlic (Allium sativum). Saturated (14:0, 15:0, 16:0, and 18:0), unsaturated (7-16:1, 7-18:1, 9-18:1, 9,12-18:2, 9,12,15-18:3), and unusual cyclic sulfur-containing fatty acids in garlic were identified by GC-MS

АДАПТИВНЫЙ ФЕНОМЕН ИШЕМИЧЕСКОГО ПОСТКОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ СЕРДЦА. ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

Analysis of experimental data indicates that aging, metabolic syndrome may be serious obstacle against realization of cardioprotective effect of postconditioning. The moderate hypercholesterolemia, postinfarction cardiosclerosis and cardiac hypertrophy do not abolish protective effect of postconditioning in experimental animals. The issue whether diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension affect an efficacy of postconditioning is a subject of discussion. Clinical investigations testify on cardioprotective impact of postconditioning in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiosurgery patients. At the same time, it is remained unclear when after coronary artery occlusion postconditioning exhibits cardioprotective effect. It is remained unknown how do affect aging, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy, cardiac postinfarction remodeling and efficacy postconditioning in clinical praxis. It is required a further clinical investigations turning the development pharmacological approaches to prophylaxis of reperfusion injury of the heart.Анализ экспериментальных данных свидетельствует о том, что старение и метаболический синдром могут быть серьезными препятствиями для реализации кардиопротекторного эффекта посткондиционирования. Умеренная гиперхолестеринемия, постинфарктный кардиосклероз и гипертрофия сердца не устраняют защитный эффект посткондиционирования у экспериментальных животных. Вопрос о том, влияют ли экспериментальный сахарный диабет и артериальная гипертензия на эффективность посткондиционирования, является предметом дискуссии. Клинические исследования свидетельствуют о кардиопротекторном действии посткондиционирования у больных острым инфарктом миокарда и кардиохирургических пациентов. Вместе с тем, остается неясным, в какие сроки после появления коронарной окклюзии посткондиционирование оказывает кардиопротекторный эффект. Также остается неизвестным, как влияют старение, сахарный диабет, метаболический синдром, артериальная гипертензия, гипертрофия миокарда, постинфарктное ремоделирование сердца на эффективность посткондиционирования в клинической практике. Требуются дальнейшие клинические исследования, направленные на разработку фармакологических подходов к профилактике реперфузионных повреждений сердца

Spin states of asteroids in the Eos collisional family

Eos family was created during a catastrophic impact about 1.3 Gyr ago. Rotation states of individual family members contain information about the history of the whole population. We aim to increase the number of asteroid shape models and rotation states within the Eos collision family, as well as to revise previously published shape models from the literature. Such results can be used to constrain theoretical collisional and evolution models of the family, or to estimate other physical parameters by a thermophysical modeling of the thermal infrared data. We use all available disk-integrated optical data (i.e., classical dense-in-time photometry obtained from public databases and through a large collaboration network as well as sparse-in-time individual measurements from a few sky surveys) as input for the convex inversion method, and derive 3D shape models of asteroids together with their rotation periods and orientations of rotation axes. We present updated shape models for 15 asteroids and new shape model determinations for 16 asteroids. Together with the already published models from the publicly available DAMIT database, we compiled a sample of 56 Eos family members with known shape models that we used in our analysis of physical properties within the family. Rotation states of asteroids smaller than ~20 km are heavily influenced by the YORP effect, whilst the large objects more or less retained their rotation state properties since the family creation. Moreover, we also present a shape model and bulk density of asteroid (423) Diotima, an interloper in the Eos family, based on the disk-resolved data obtained by the Near InfraRed Camera (Nirc2) mounted on the W.M. Keck II telescope.Comment: Accepted for publication in ICARUS Special Issue - Asteroids: Origin, Evolution & Characterizatio

Influences of Different Milk Yields of Holstein Cows on Milk Quality Indicators in the Czech Republic

The milk yield (MY) is an important economic and health factor closely connected with the health status of dairy cows, their reproduction performance, longevity and milk composition and properties (MIs). The differences within MIs between high yielding herd (Group 1; 10 282 kg per lactation) and three herds with average MY (Group 2; 7 926 kg) were tested. The files with 96 and 290 milk samples were collected in summer and winter feeding seasons and well balanced in lactation factors. Group 1 had higher genetical value, better nutrition and was milked three times per day and its MY was higher by 30% (P P P > 0.05). The U was probably higher due to higher loading of the nitrogen nutrition (4.27 > 3.57 mmol l-1) in MY 1. Surprisingly, SCC was higher (112 > 81 103 ml-1) and AC lower ((0.0374) 0.0250 -1) in Group 1. Both the MIs did not indicate problems of the health status. An indicator of energy nutrition balance as fat/protein ratio was not influenced (1.15 ± 0.24 versus 1.16 ± 0.23; P > 0.05), despite the large difference between MY 1 and 2. URN was higher in MY 1 (46.5 > 39.1%) due to more efficient nutrition, like in U. The high MY had no negative impacts on MIs with well balanced nutrition of Holstein cattle

Asteroids' physical models from combined dense and sparse photometry and scaling of the YORP effect by the observed obliquity distribution

The larger number of models of asteroid shapes and their rotational states derived by the lightcurve inversion give us better insight into both the nature of individual objects and the whole asteroid population. With a larger statistical sample we can study the physical properties of asteroid populations, such as main-belt asteroids or individual asteroid families, in more detail. Shape models can also be used in combination with other types of observational data (IR, adaptive optics images, stellar occultations), e.g., to determine sizes and thermal properties. We use all available photometric data of asteroids to derive their physical models by the lightcurve inversion method and compare the observed pole latitude distributions of all asteroids with known convex shape models with the simulated pole latitude distributions. We used classical dense photometric lightcurves from several sources and sparse-in-time photometry from the U.S. Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Catalina Sky Survey, and La Palma surveys (IAU codes 689, 703, 950) in the lightcurve inversion method to determine asteroid convex models and their rotational states. We also extended a simple dynamical model for the spin evolution of asteroids used in our previous paper. We present 119 new asteroid models derived from combined dense and sparse-in-time photometry. We discuss the reliability of asteroid shape models derived only from Catalina Sky Survey data (IAU code 703) and present 20 such models. By using different values for a scaling parameter cYORP (corresponds to the magnitude of the YORP momentum) in the dynamical model for the spin evolution and by comparing synthetics and observed pole-latitude distributions, we were able to constrain the typical values of the cYORP parameter as between 0.05 and 0.6.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, January 15, 201

The equilibrium shape of (65) Cybele: primordial or relic of a large impact?

Cybele asteroids constitute an appealing reservoir of primitive material genetically linked to the outer Solar System, and the physical properties of the largest members can be readily accessed by large telescopes. We took advantage of the bright apparition of (65) Cybele in July and August 2021 to acquire high-angular-resolution images and optical light curves of the asteroid with which we aim to analyse its shape and bulk properties. 7 series of images acquired with VLT/SPHERE were combined with optical light curves to reconstruct the shape of the asteroid using the ADAM, MPCD, and SAGE algorithms. The origin of the shape was investigated by means of N-body simulations. Cybele has a volume-equivalent diameter of 263+/-3km and a bulk density of 1.55+/-0.19g.cm-3. Notably, its shape and rotation state are closely compatible with those of a Maclaurin equilibrium figure. The lack of a collisional family associated with Cybele and the higher bulk density of that body with respect to other large P-type asteroids suggest that it never experienced any large disruptive impact followed by rapid re-accumulation. This would imply that its present-day shape represents the original one. However, numerical integration of the long-term dynamical evolution of a hypothetical family shows that it is dispersed by gravitational perturbations and chaotic diffusion over Gyrs of evolution. The very close match between Cybele and an equilibrium figure opens up the possibility that D>260km small bodies from the outer Solar System all formed at equilibrium. However, we cannot rule out an old impact as the origin of the equilibrium shape. Cybele itself is found to be dynamically unstable, implying that it was recently (<1Ga) placed on its current orbit either through slow diffusion from a relatively stable orbit in the Cybele region or, less likely, from an unstable, JFC orbit in the planet-crossing region.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&