Sibling bullying at 12 years and high-risk behavior in early adulthood : a prospective cohort study

Emerging evidence suggests that sibling aggression is associated with the development of high‐risk behavior. This study investigated the relationship between sibling bullying perpetration and victimization in early adolescence and high‐risk behavior in early adulthood. Sibling bullying was assessed at 12 years in 6,988 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a birth cohort based in the UK and high‐risk behavioral outcomes were assessed at 18–20 years. Frequent sibling bullying perpetration predicted antisocial behavior (OR = 1.74; 95%CI, 1.38–2.20), while frequent sibling bullying victimization increased the odds of nicotine dependence (OR = 2.87; 95%CI, 1.55–5.29), even after accounting for peer bullying and parent maltreatment. Categorical analysis revealed that particularly bullies and bully‐victims were at risk of developing high‐risk behavior. Finally, this study found that adolescents who were involved in bullying perpetration across multiple contexts (home and school) had the highest odds of reporting antisocial behavior (OR = 3.05; 95%CI, 2.09–4.44), criminal involvement (OR = 2.12; 95%CI, 1.23–3.66), and illicit drug use (OR = 2.11; 95%CI, 1.44–3.08). Findings from this study suggest that sibling bullying perpetration may be a marker of or a contributory factor along the developmental trajectory to antisocial behavior problems. Intervention studies are needed in order to test whether reducing sibling bullying can alleviate long‐term adverse social and behavioral outcomes

Measurement of Sibling Violence: A Two-Factor Model of Severity

The measurement of violence is a major challenge in aggression research. Because of the heterogeneous nature of violent behavior, problems arise when applying blanket measures to inherently distinct subtypes of aggression. Incidents of intersibling violence (ISV) exacerbate these problems because siblinghood represents a unique offender–victim situation. This research explored whether an existing two-factor model for severe violence found in a sample of 250 adult offenders (age M = 26.8, SD = 5.9) could be generalized to deliberate severe ISV in a sample of 111 young offenders (age M = 14.83, SD = 1.45). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor model encompassing severe ISV perpetration with weapon use (Factor 1) and severe ISV perpetration without weapon use (Factor 2). The results provide strong empirical support for the two-factor model of violence severity previously established with adult offenders. This analysis demonstrates construct validity of the severity measures among the different types of offenders studied and provides support for generalization across populations

User-centred design to promote the effective use of rear-mountefoldable roll-over protective structures (Fropss): Prototype evaluation among novice and expert farmers.

Aim of study: We tested the perceived quality in use of a prototype of a handling supporting device, developed through a user-centred design process intended for rear-mounted foldable rollover protective-structures (FROPSs).Area of study: The study was performed in the Province of Cuneo, which has the largest number of farms and the highest share of utilized agricultural area (UAA) in Piedmont Region, NW Italy.Material and methods: Three groups of users, novice-novice (NN), novice-expert (NE) and expert-expert (EE) were asked to raise two rear-mounted FROPSs: a traditional one and a second one equipped with a supporting device which consisted of a gas spring and a rod. A questionnaire has been used to record the perceived quality in use of both FROPSs (effort, physical discomfort, temporal demand and ease of use) and perceived usefulness and attitudes toward the adoption of the supporting device.Main results: All groups reported less physical effort, more stable postures, higher ease of use in handling the FROPS equipped with the supporting device; NN users, in particular, declared to be willing to adopt the supporting device in the future on their tractors when commercially available.Research highlights: Previous studies reported discomfort in operating the FROPS as the main cause of its improper use. A solution to improve FROPS reachability was developed and tested with users. Benefits were perceived by both novice users and expert users

Dependence on the Partial Pressure of Oxygen on the Shift in the Energy Band-gap of CdO Thin Films in the Visible Region

In this paper, the dependence on the partial pressure of oxygen of the shift in the energy band-gap of CdO thin films for the visible region is investigated from the theoretical point of view on an experimental basis. In our analysis, the role played by the dependence of the carrier density upon the above pressure is emphasized

Conveying safety messages on agricultural machinery: The comprehension of safety pictorials in a group of migrant farmworkers in Italy

The comprehension of safety signs affixed to agricultural machinery is fundamental to warning users about the residual risks which cannot be eliminated with machinery design and the adoption of protections. This is particularly relevant for the migrant workforce, which may encounter some language barriers with written safety communication. The present study aimed to investigate the comprehension of safety signs affixed to agricultural machinery in a group of migrants from both European and non-European countries employed in Italian agriculture. Thirty-seven migrant farmworkers (12 Indians, 17 Pakistanis, and eight Romanians) were individually interviewed to test the comprehension of four safety signs referring to the main causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries caused by interactions with farm machinery. Romanians obtained the highest comprehension performance (68.8% of correct answers), followed by Indians (35.4%), with Pakistanis being last (32.4%). The nationality and the previous experience as a farmworker significantly affected the comprehension of safety signs. The results pointed out the importance of adequately training migrants on the meaning of safety signs. Beside this, the study suggests a redesign of the signs, considering some signs' features to enhance pictorials' cross-cultural comprehension

Effectiveness of occupational safety and health training for migrant farmworkers: a scoping review

Objectives: Migrant farmworkers report higher rates of work-related illnesses, injuries and fatalities compared with local workers. Language and cultural barriers represent a relevant source of risk, which can be reduced by means of targeted training interventions. However, very little evidence is available about the effectiveness of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) training programmes addressing migrant farmworkers. Study design: We carried out a scoping review. Methods: Currently available literature about the effectiveness of OSH training for migrant farmworkers--in terms of improvements in at least one of the following: safety knowledge, behaviours, attitudes and beliefs and health outcomes--was searched from four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. The screening was performed independently by two authors, and any disagreement was resolved through discussion until consensus was achieved. Once the articles eligible for inclusion were selected, the objectives, design, sample and setting, interventions and findings of each study were recorded. No quality assessment tool for publications considered by this study has been used because a scoping review does not aim for critical appraisal. Results: Twenty-nine publications met the inclusion criteria. Of these, nine cross-sectional studies discussed the effectiveness of training activities in terms of whether participating in any programme had or did not have a significant effect on the dependent variables, when training was considered along with other sociodemographic factors. In the majority of these studies, training appeared to have low or no effect on the dependent variables considered. Twenty mainly within-subject experimental studies addressed the effectiveness of specific training methods, reporting significant improvements especially for interventions based on a participatory approach. Conclusions: Training could greatly contribute to an effective attainment of OSH information, but the present review shows that more evidence is needed to guide the future development of effective training activities

Toxoplasma Effector MAF1 Mediates Recruitment of Host Mitochondria and Impacts the Host Response

Recent information has revealed the functional diversity and importance of mitochondria in many cellular processes including orchestrating the innate immune response. Intriguingly, several infectious agents, such as Toxoplasma, Legionella, and Chlamydia, have been reported to grow within vacuoles surrounded by host mitochondria. Although many hypotheses have been proposed for the existence of host mitochondrial association (HMA), the causes and biological consequences of HMA have remained unanswered. Here we show that HMA is present in type I and III strains of Toxoplasma but missing in type II strains, both in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of F1 progeny from a type II×III cross revealed that HMA is a Mendelian trait that we could map. We use bioinformatics to select potential candidates and experimentally identify the polymorphic parasite protein involved, mitochondrial association factor 1 (MAF1). We show that introducing the type I (HMA+) MAF1 allele into type II (HMA-) parasites results in conversion to HMA+ and deletion of MAF1 in type I parasites results in a loss of HMA. We observe that the loss and gain of HMA are associated with alterations in the transcription of host cell immune genes and the in vivo cytokine response during murine infection. Lastly, we use exogenous expression of MAF1 to show that it binds host mitochondria and thus MAF1 is the parasite protein directly responsible for HMA. Our findings suggest that association with host mitochondria may represent a novel means by which Toxoplasma tachyzoites manipulate the host. The existence of naturally occurring HMA+ and HMA- strains of Toxoplasma, Legionella, and Chlamydia indicates the existence of evolutionary niches where HMA is either advantageous or disadvantageous, likely reflecting tradeoffs in metabolism, immune regulation, and other functions of mitochondria. © 2014 Pernas et al

Upper second premolar with three canals and three roots. A case report and its resolution

Objetivo: conocer las variaciones anatómicas que presentan los premolares superiores, es imprescindible para interpretar las radiografías y tratar adecuadamente cada caso. Un bien diagnóstico, una preparación químico - mecánica que mantenga dentro de lo posible, la anatomía original del sistema de conducto, acompañado de una adecuada obturación y un sellado coronal complementado con una rehabilitación coronaria, son los pasos necesarios para lograr un tratamiento endodóntico óptimo. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenino 45 años diagnóstico de necrosis en pieza dentaria 25, radiografía pre-operatoria, anestesia aislación absoluta, eliminación de tejido cariado, localización del conducto, preparación del tercio cervical con lima XS Protaper - Gold (Dentsply - Mailefer), conductometría; Glide Path manual hasta lima k 25 y lima K 10 de pasaje (Dentsply - Mailfer) entre lima y lima, lavados intermedios con NaClO al 2,5% conformación final con lima reciprocante R25 Reciproc Blue (VDW), activación de NaClo con lima Xp Endofinisher FKG, en 3 ciclos de 1 minuto con irrigación, secado de conductos con conos de papel estériles (Meta), conometría cono 25 con taper 04 (Meta), obturación con sellador AH Plus Bioceramic (Dentsply) y gutapercha de 25 con taper 04, técnica de compactación lateral con múltiples y reconstrucción coronal con composite (Vittra FGM A2 D3). Discusión: Para Ahmad IA el col. 2016, Kartal N. 1998, Ingle et col, Vertucci F. J. el porcentaje de incidencia en segundos premolares superiores con tres conductos, es del 1% siendo la configuración más común dos raíces vestibulares y una palatina Tipo VIII. Brullandreu, Dauson et col, Franson y col consideran que una restauración coronal bien sellada es fundamental para un pronóstico exitoso con los pacientes sometidos a tratamientos endodónticos, destacando la eficacia en la tasa de éxito en las restauraciones indirectas, que prevalecen respecto a las restauraciones directas. Conclusión: la clave para realizar un tratamiento en dientes con anatomías complejas, en la valoración radiográfica pre-operatoria que debe incluir radiografías con diferentes angulaciones, además es importante realizar una adecuada apertura que permita el acceso y visibilidad necesarias para lograr una apropiada limpieza y conformación de los conductos que nos permita lograr una obturación tridimensional óptima.Objective: To understand the anatomical variations present in the upper premolars, it is essential for interpreting radiographs and properly treating each case. Un buen diagnóstico, una preparación químico-mecánica que mantenga dentro de lo posible, la anatomía original del sistema de conducto, acompañado de una adecuada obturación y un sellado coronal complementado con una rehabilitación coronaria, son los pasos necesarios para lograr una tratamiento endodóntico óptimo.Case presentation: Female patient, 45 years old, diagnosed with necrosis in tooth 25, pre-operative radiographs, absolute isolation anesthesia, removal of carious tissue, canal location, cervical third preparation with XS Protaper-Gold file (Dentsply-MaiIlefer), canal measurement; manual Glide Path to K 25 file and K 10 file passage (Dentsply-Maillefer) between file and file, intermediate washes with 2.5% (NaCIO), final shaping with R25 Reciproc Blue (VDW) reciprocating file, activation of NaCIO with Xp Endofinisher FKG file, in 3 cycles of 1 minute with irrigation, drying of canals with sterile paper points (Meta), cone measurement with 25 cones with taper 04 (Meta), obturation with AH Plus Bioceramic sealer (Dentsply) and 25 gutta-percha with taper 04, lateral compaction technique with multiple and coronal reconstruction with composite. (Vittra FGM A2 D3). Discussion: According to Ahmad IA et al. 2016, Kartal N. 1998, Ingle et al., Vertucci F.J, the incidence percentage in upper second premolars with three canals is 1%, with the most common configuration being two buccal roots and one palatal root Type VIII. Brullandreu, Dauson et al., Franson et al. consider that a well-sealed coronal restoration is fundamental for a successful prognosis in patients undergoing endodontic treatments, highlighting the effectiveness in the success rate of indirect restorations, which prevail over direct restorations. Conclusion: The key to performing treatment on teeth with complex anatomies is the pre-operative radiographic assessment, which should include radiographs at different angles. Additionally, it is important to perform an adequate opening that allows for the necessary access and visibility to achieve proper cleaning and shaping of the canals, enabling us to achieve an optimal three-dimensional obturation.Facultad de Odontologí

A survey on daylighting education in italian universities. Knowledge of standards, metrics and simulation tools

Daylighting is a strategic topic to achieve sustainable buildings, so it is more and more imperative that it is implemented in architecture curricula to prepare a new generation of daylighting-oriented practitioners. In this frame, the DAYKE project (Daylight Knowledge in Europe) was set up to explore the level of knowledge about daylighting among European professionals and students. DAYKE-Europe was replicated as DAYKE-Italy to study the knowledge of daylight standards, metrics and software among Italian architecture students, and to compare it to that observed within DAYKE-Europe. A sample of 542 questionnaires were collected in five universities. Primary outcomes were: (i) a general low level of knowledge on daylighting was observed; the most cited metrics were the average daylight factor and the geometrical window-to-floor ratio, while climate-based daylight metrics were rarely mentioned; (ii) master science M.Sc. students reported more knowledge on daylight metrics and regulations than bachelor B.Sc. students, while the implementation of daylight metrics and strategies in projects was mainly deficient among B.Sc. students; (iii) compared to European students (DAYKE-Europe), Italian students showed a higher knowledge of daylight metrics and software (especially as for M.Sc. students), while the opposite was observed for standards, regulations and protocols. Based on the results, a reconsideration of daylight education in architecture curricula is recommended