A study of health and safety practices in small and medium sized enterprises: -A case of Botswana

TThe purpose of this research is to understand the views of different employees in small and medium enterprises about what can be done to improve the health and safety in work places. In order to carry out this research, questionnaires were used to collect the views of different employees concerning this topic in these organizations, and literature was also reviewed. From the findings ,it shows that when good health and safety practices are not put in place, accidents ,major and minor injuries can happen, and it is what most of the employees in other companies have so far experienced. This implies that if health and safety is not managed effectively, both the two parties being employees and the organization would suffer because for the organization to function effectively, it needs employees and for the people to survive, they need to work.health, safety, injury, accident

Hot moments in the Antarctic due to climate warming?

Climate warming is severely affecting maritime Antarctica, causing accelerated glacier retreat and thus leading to an ongoing exposure of once ice- covered land. This initiates a succession of plant and soil development. Nevertheless, the temporal dynamics and controlling factors of these processes, like C and N status of soils and the effect of root exudation are widely unknown under these harsh climatic conditions. Topsoil samples from three different sites of a chronological soil sequence in the forefront of a retreating glacier of the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, were collected and incubated at 2 °C for three weeks. To mimic the influence of C and N containing root exudates (primers) on the mineralization of soil C, we added 13C labeled glucose or alanine and compared CO2 evolution in comparison to samples without C and N addition. Soil microbes covered up to 90% of their C demand for anabolic functions with the added C-sources in the case of late soil successions while it was only 50% for the young soils. These findings were independent of the form of primer. Both primers increased the mineralization of soil carbon in the young soils as compared to the control. For the later stages of soil development, we found negative priming which was strongest for the latest stage. These results give evidence for a clear shift in the microbial community of the three investigated sites. While sites with initial soil formation seem to be dominated by k-strategists with low turnover rates that rather use complex C-sources, a significant number of r-strategists in the soils of the older sites uses simple C-substrates very efficiently. As this leads to a relative decrease in SOM mineralization for the late stages of soil development, it is questionable if higher plants can improve their nutrition by stimulating free living soil microbes with root exudates or if they rather have to rely on mycorrhiza

Problèmes posés par l’accélération d'ions radioactifs dans le projet SPIRAL. Réglage et stabilisation de l’accélérateur

This study is related to the SPIRAL project. This facility uses a cyclotron to accelerate radioactive ion beams produced in a thick target by the Grant Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds primary beam. The low intensity of radioactive beams and the mixing of several species imply special tuning methods and associated diagnostics. Also, a cyclotron and the beam line will be used to switch from this tuning beam to the radioactive one. We present a theoretical study and a numerical simulation of the tuning of five radioactive beams using three different methods. the beam dynamic is performed through the injection beam line and the cyclotron up to the electrostatic deflector. Within the frame of these methods we have described all the SPIRAL beam diagnostics. Construction and test of a new low intensity diagnosis based on a plastic scintillator for phase measurement inside the cyclotron is described in details.Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet SPIRAL qui consiste à produire, puis à l'accélérer avec un cyclotron, des faisceaux d'ions radioactifs créés dans une cible épaisse par le faisceau primaire du Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds. La faible intensité de ces faisceaux radioactifs et la présence de polluants d'intensité égale ou supérieure à celle du faisceau désiré implique la mise au point de nouvelles méthodes de réglage et des diagnostics qui y sont associés. Ainsi, l'ensemble du post-accélérateur sera préréglé sur un faisceau d'ions stables, différentes méthodes permettant ensuite de passer ce cet ion stable à l'ion radioactif désiré. Nous présentons une étude théorique de ce processus ainsi qu'une simulation numérique détaillée du réglage de cinq faisceaux radioactifs différents à l'aide de trois méthodes. Le comportement du faisceau est simulé dans la ligne d'injection et dans le cyclotron jusqu'au déflecteur électrostatique d'ejection. Nous décrivons aussi dans le contexte de ces méthodes l'ensemble des diagnostics de faisceau installés sur SPIRAL. Une attention particulière est portée à la conception et au test d'un capteur, basé sur un scintillateur plastique, permettant de mesurer la phase d'un faisceau d'ions de faible intensité en cours d'accélération dans le cyclotron

Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Anggota Organisasi Kepemudaan Alumni Budi Mulia (Album-medan) terhadap Donor Darah di Pmi Medan Tahun 2012

Many factor affecting the members of youth organizations Budi Mulia (Album- Medan) to donate blood in medan red cross 2012. The importance of the availability of blood is to meet the need for blood transfusions that could occur anytime such as for accident victims, cesarean section and for patients with blood diseases such as hemophilia and thalassemia. Therefore, it is very important to know what are the factors that could affect members of youth organization such as ALBUM-Medan to donate their blood. The purpose of this study was aimed to determine the factors that affect members of youth organization ALBUM-Medan to donate blood. The factors were characteristics, sources of information, knowledge, social capital, attitude, reference groups, intentions and actions of members of youth organization ALBUM-Medan to donate blood at Medan Red Cross in 2012. This research used descriptive quantitative. The number of respondents in this study amounted to 62 people with total sampling as the sampling technique, where the respondent was a person who members of youth organizations ALBUM-Medan that register in 2009-2011. The results are presented in frequency distribution table. This is the result of the research, 33,9 % is 18th years old, 59,7% is male. The catagorized of youth's sources of information is medium or 71,0%. The catagorized of youth's knowledge is medium or 67,7%. And for the catagorized of the social capital is medium or 50,0%. The attitude of the responden considered good or 88,7%. The intention of the respondents considered good or 67,7% and for the youth's action considered bad or 88,7%

SOSA – a new model to simulate the concentrations of organic vapours and sulphuric acid inside the ABL – Part 1: Model description and initial evaluation

Chemistry in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is controlled by complex processes of surface fluxes, flow, turbulent transport, and chemical reactions. We present a new model SOSA (model to simulate the concentration of organic vapours and sulphuric acid) and attempt to reconstruct the emissions, transport and chemistry in the ABL in and above a vegetation canopy using tower measurements from the SMEAR II at Hyytiälä, Finland and available soundings data from neighbouring meteorological stations. Using the sounding data for upper boundary condition and nudging the model to tower measurements in the surface layer we were able to get a reasonable description of turbulence and other quantities through the ABL. As a first application of the model, we present vertical profiles of organic compounds and discuss their relation to newly formed particles

Sensitivity to reward and punishment: Associations with diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking

This study examined whether sensitivity to reward predicts a range of potentially health-damaging behaviours. Secondary objectives were to explore the relationship between these behaviours and sensitivity to punishment. Sensitivity to reward and punishment were assessed among 184 individuals using questionnaire measures of Behavioural Approach System (BAS) and Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity. Participants also completed a food frequency questionnaire and measures of alcohol consumption and smoking. Higher BAS sensitivity predicted higher fat intake, higher alcohol consumption, greater likelihood of binge drinking, greater likelihood of being a smoker and, amongst smokers, smoking frequency. Higher BIS sensitivity predicted lower alcohol consumption but higher sugar intake. Thus, sensitivity to reward appears to be a risk factor for lifestyle behaviours that contribute to poor health. Whilst BIS sensitivity seems to offer some protection with respect to alcohol intake, the results suggest that this does not extend to health-related behaviours, in which the negative consequences may be less immediate. Instead, BIS sensitivity predicted higher sugar intake. This is consistent with the view that BIS sensitivity leads to higher anxiety, which individuals may attempt to regulate by indulging in sugary foods