Immunometabolism at the crossroads of obesity and cancer-a Keystone Symposia report.

peer reviewedImmunometabolism considers the relationship between metabolism and immunity. Typically, researchers focus on either the metabolic pathways within immune cells that affect their function or the impact of immune cells on systemic metabolism. A more holistic approach that considers both these viewpoints is needed. On September 5-8, 2022, experts in the field of immunometabolism met for the Keystone symposium "Immunometabolism at the Crossroads of Obesity and Cancer" to present recent research across the field of immunometabolism, with the setting of obesity and cancer as an ideal example of the complex interplay between metabolism, immunity, and cancer. Speakers highlighted new insights on the metabolic links between tumor cells and immune cells, with a focus on leveraging unique metabolic vulnerabilities of different cell types in the tumor microenvironment as therapeutic targets and demonstrated the effects of diet, the microbiome, and obesity on immune system function and cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Finally, speakers presented new technologies to interrogate the immune system and uncover novel metabolic pathways important for immunity

A single-cell survey of the small intestinal epithelium

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) absorb nutrients, respond to microbes, provide barrier function and help coordinate immune responses. We profiled 53,193 individual epithelial cells from mouse small intestine and organoids, and characterized novel subtypes and their gene signatures. We showed unexpected diversity of hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells and constructed their novel taxonomy. We distinguished between two tuft cell subtypes, one of which expresses the epithelial cytokine TSLP and CD45 (Ptprc), the pan-immune marker not previously associated with non-hematopoietic cells. We also characterized how cell-intrinsic states and cell proportions respond to bacterial and helminth infections. Salmonella infection caused an increase in Paneth cells and enterocytes abundance, and broad activation of an antimicrobial program. In contrast, Heligmosomoides polygyrus caused an expansion of goblet and tuft cell populations. Our survey highlights new markers and programs, associates sensory molecules to cell types, and uncovers principles of gut homeostasis and response to pathogens

An approach for the application of energy-based liquefaction procedure using field case history data

This paper presents an overview to the applicability of the “energy-based liquefaction approach” with regards to the new developments in the subject. The method involves comparing the strain energy for the soil liquefaction (capacity) with the strain energy imparted to the soil layer during an earthquake (demand). The performance of the method was evaluated by using a large database of SPT-based liquefaction case history. The energy-based method and the more commonly used stress-based method were compared in their capability to assess liquefaction potential under the same damaging historic earthquakes and geotechnical site conditions. In the procedure, the predictive strain energy equations were used to estimate the capacity energy values. These empirical equations have been developed based on the initial effective soil parameters. As for the energy of any given strong ground motion, it was computed from a velocity-time history of the ground motion and the unit mass of soil through utilization of kinetic energy concepts. The proposed energy-based method has effective way in evaluating the liquefaction potential based on the seismological parameters, contrary to the stress-based approach, where only peak ground acceleration (PGA) is considered. Keywords: Soil liquefaction; energy-based liquefaction method; field case histories; earthquake UNCORRECTED. © 2020 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). All rights reserved

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Lake Van basin, Turkey

The seismic hazard for the Lake Van basin is computed using a probabilistic approach, along with the earthquake data from 1907 to present. The spatial distribution of seismic events between the longitudes of 41-45A degrees and the latitudes of 37.5-40A degrees, which encompasses the region, indicates distinct seismic zones. The positions of these zones are well aligned with the known tectonic features such as the Tutak-CaldA +/- ran fault zone, the A-zalp fault zone, the GevaAY fault zone, the Bitlis fault zone and KarlA +/- ova junction where the North Anatolian fault zone and East Anatolian fault zone meet. These faults are known to have generated major earthquakes which strongly affected cities and towns such as Van, MuAY, Bitlis, A-zalp, Muradiye, CaldA +/- ran, ErciAY, Adilcevaz, Ahlat, Tatvan, GevaAY and GurpA +/- nar. The recurrence intervals of M (s) a parts per thousand yen 4 earthquakes were evaluated in order to obtain the parameters of the Gutenberg-Richter measurements for seismic zones. More importantly, iso-acceleration maps of the basin were produced with a grid interval of 0.05 degrees. These maps are developed for 100- and 475- year return periods, utilizing the domestic attenuation relationships. A computer program called Sistehan II was utilized to generate these maps

The identification of intestinal M cells in the sacculus rotundus and appendix of the Angora rabbit

The present study was aimed at the immunohistochemical demonstration of M cells, found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the sacculus rotundus (SR) and appendix of the Angora rabbit, using anti-vimentin primary antibodies, and at the determination of certain fine structural characteristics. Ten adult Angora rabbits constituted the material of the study. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that many cells composing the FAE, which covered the dome regions of the SR and appendix, reacted positively with vimentin. FAE contained two different types of vimentin-positive cells. The first type surrounded intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) with a basolateral invagination in the apex and periphery of the dome epithelium, whilst the second type consisted of columnar cells found in the FAE near crypts. The immunoreactivity of the cells found in the FAE covering the apex and periphery of the domes was observed particularly in the perinuclear cytoplasm and the cytoplasm surrounding the IEL. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the M cells found in the FAE covering the apex and periphery of the dome regions of the SR and appendix did not exhibit any microvilli on their apical surface. The FAE near crypts contained columnar cells, which resembled enterocytes. The apical membrane of these cells exhibited shorter and irregular microvilli, in contrast to neighbouring enterocytes. It was determined that M cells, found in the FAE of the SR and appendix in the Angora rabbit, displayed similarities in terms of localization and fine structure. This situation may be indicative of the two lymphoid structures with different localization having similar functional properties