2,600 research outputs found
A Whole New World: Supporting Socially Responsible Business Through Legislation
Article published in the Michigan State University School of Law Student Scholarship Collection
A formal translation of the Assimilation-Accommodation Coping Scale from German to Dutch
The Assimilation-Accommodation Coping Scale was developed in Germany by BrandtstÀdter and Renner and applied in the UK and the Netherlands. A formal translation was never reported. Such formal translation was warranted as we found ambivalent language and atypical sentences in the Dutch translation. We therefore organised a formal forwards and backwards translation from German to Dutch. This report gives the details of that process and pr
Variation of hydraulic properties due to dynamic fracture damage: Implications for fault zones
High strain rate loading causes pervasive dynamic microfracturing in crystalline materials,
with dynamic pulverization being the extreme end-member. Hydraulic properties (permeability,
porosity, and storage capacity) are primarily controlled by fracture damage and will therefore change
significantly by intense dynamic fracturingâby how much is currently unknown. Dynamic fracture
damage observed in the damage zones of seismic faults is thought to originate from dynamic stresses near
the earthquake rupture tip. This implies that during an earthquake, hydraulic properties in the damage
zone change early. The immediate effect this has on fluid-driven coseismic slip processes following the
rupture, and on postseismic and interseismic fault zone processes, is not yet clear. Here, we present
hydraulic properties measured on the full range of dynamic fracture damage up to dynamic pulverization.
Dynamic damage was induced in quartz-monzonite samples by performing uniaxial high strain rate
(> 100 sâ1) experiments in compression using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Hydraulic properties were
measured on samples subjected to single and successive loadings, the latter to simulate cumulative damage
from repeated rupture events. We show that permeability increases by 6 orders of magnitude and porosity
by 15% with dissipated energy up to dynamic pulverization, for both single and successive loadings. We
present damage zone permeability profiles induced by earthquake rupture and how it evolves with
repeated ruptures. We propose that the enhanced hydraulic properties measured for pulverized rock
decrease the efficiency of thermal pressurization, when emplaced adjacent to the principal slip zone
Potential of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor for the monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence
Global monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is improving our knowledge about the photosynthetic functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The feasibility of SIF retrievals from spaceborne atmospheric spectrometers has been demonstrated by a number of studies in the last years. In this work, we investigate the potential of the upcoming TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite mission for SIF retrieval. TROPOMI will sample the 675â775 nm spectral window with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm and a pixel size of 7 km Ă 7 km. We use an extensive set of simulated TROPOMI data in order to assess the uncertainty of single SIF retrievals and subsequent spatio-temporal composites. Our results illustrate the enormous improvement in SIF monitoring achievable with TROPOMI with respect to comparable spectrometers currently in-flight, such as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument. We find that TROPOMI can reduce global uncertainties in SIF mapping by more than a factor of 2 with respect to GOME-2, which comes together with an approximately 5-fold improvement in spatial sampling. Finally, we discuss the potential of TROPOMI to map other important vegetation parameters at a global scale with moderate spatial resolution and short revisit time. Those include leaf photosynthetic pigments and proxies for canopy structure, which will complement SIF retrievals for a self-contained description of vegetation condition and functioning
Contiguous polarisation spectra of the Earth from 300 to 850 nm measured by GOME-2 onboard MetOp-A
In this paper we present the first contiguous high-resolution
spectra of the Earth's polarisation observed by a satellite
instrument. The measurements of the Stokes fraction <i>Q/I</i> are
performed by the spectrometer GOME-2 onboard the
MetOp-A satellite. Polarisation measurements by
GOME-2 are performed by onboard polarisation measurement
devices (PMDs) and the high-resolution measurements discussed in
this paper are taken in the special "PMD RAW" mode of
operation. The spectral resolution of these PMD RAW polarisation
measurements varies from 3 nm in the ultraviolet (UV) to
35 nm in the near-infrared wavelength range. We first
compare measurements of the polarisation from cloud-free scenes with
radiative transfer calculations for a number of cases. We find good
agreement but also a spectral discrepancy at 800 nm, which
we attribute to remaining imperfections in the calibration key
data. Secondly, we study the polarisation of scenes with special
scattering geometries that normally lead to near-zero <i>Q/I</i>. The
GOME-2 polarisation spectra indeed show this behaviour and
confirm the existence of the small discrepancy found
earlier. Thirdly, we study the Earth polarisation for a variety of
scenes. This provides a blueprint of <i>Q/I</i> over land and sea
surfaces for various degrees of cloud cover. Fourthly, we compare
the spectral dependence of measurements of <i>Q/I</i> in the UV with the
generalised distribution function proposed by Schutgens
and Stammes (2002) to describe the shape of the UV polarisation
spectrum. The GOME-2 data confirm that these functions match
the spectral behaviour captured by the GOME-2 PMD RAW mode
A stochastic movement simulator improves estimates of landscape connectivity
Acknowledgments This publication issued from the project TenLamas funded by the French MinistĂšre de l'Energie, de l'Ecologie, du DĂ©veloppement Durable et de la Mer through the EU FP6 BiodivERsA Eranet; by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the open call INDHET and 6th extinction MOBIGEN to V. M. Stevens, M. Baguette, and A. Coulon, and young researcher GEMS (ANR-13-JSV7-0010-01) to V. M. Stevens and M. Baguette; and by a VLIR-VLADOC scholarship awarded to J. Aben. L. Lens, J. Aben, D. Strubbe, and E. Matthysen are grateful to the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) for financial support of fieldwork and genetic analysis (grant G.0308.13). V. M. Stevens and M. Baguette are members of the âLaboratoire d'Excellenceâ (LABEX) entitled TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). J. M. J. Travis and S. C. F. Palmer also acknowledge the support of NERC. A. Coulon and J. Aben contributed equally to the work.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Pressure broadening in the 2v_3 band of methane and its implication on atmospheric retrievals
N_2-broadened half widths and pressure shifts were obtained for transitions in the 2Îœ_3 methane band. Laboratory measurements recorded at 0.011 cm^(â1) resolution with a Bruker 120 HR Fouriertransform spectrometer were analysed from 5860 to 6185 cm^(â1). A 140 cm gas cell was filled with methane at room temperature and N_2 as foreign gas at pressures ranging from 125 to 900 hPa. A multispectrum nonlinear constrained least squares approach based on Optimal Estimation was applied to derive the spectroscopic parameters by simultaneously fitting laboratory spectra at different ambient pressures assuming a Voigt line-shape. At room temperature, the half widths ranged between 0.030 and 0.071 cm^(â1) atm^(â1), and the pressure shifts varied from â0.002 to â0.025 cm^(â1) atm^(â1) for transitions up to J"=10. Especially for higher rotational levels, we find systematically narrower lines than HITRAN predicts. The Q and R branch of the new set of spectroscopic parameters is further tested with ground based direct sun Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements where systematic fit residuals reduce by about a factor of 3â4. We report the implication of those differences on atmospheric methane measurements using high-resolution ground based FTIR measurements as well as low-resolution spectra from the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard ENVISAT. We find that for SCIAMACHY, a latitudinal and seasonally varying bias of about 1% can be introduced by erroneous broadening parameters
Methane spectroscopy in the near infrared and its implication on atmospheric retrievals
International audienceN2-broadened half widths and pressure shifts were obtained for transitions in the Q and R branches of the 2?3 methane band. Laboratory measurements were done from 5985 to 6185 cm?1 using spectra recorded at 0.011 cm?1 resolution with a Bruker 120 HR Fourier transform spectrometer. A 140 cm gas cell was filled with methane at room temperature and N2 as foreign gas at pressures ranging from 125 to 900 hPa. A multispectrum nonlinear constrained least squares approach based on Optimal Estimation was applied to derive the spectroscopic parameters by simultaneously fitting laboratory spectra at different ambient pressures assuming a Voigt line-shape. At room temperature, the half widths ranged between 0.030 and 0.071 cm?1 atm?1, and the pressure shifts varied from ?0.002 to ?0.025 cm?1 atm?1 for transitions up to J"=10. Especially for higher rotational levels, we find systematically narrower lines than HITRAN predicts. The new set of spectroscopic parameters is further tested with ground based direct sun FTIR measurements where fit residuals reduce by about a factor of 3?4. We report the implication of those differences on atmospheric methane measurements using high-resolution ground based FTIR measurements as well as low-resolution spectra from the SCIAMACHY instrument onboard ENVISAT. We find that for SCIAMACHY, a latitudinal and seasonally varying bias of about 1% can be introduced by erroneous broadening parameters
Heterofusion:Fusing genomics data of different measurement scales
In systems biology, it is becoming increasingly common to measure biochemical entities at different levels of the same biological system. Hence, data fusion problems are abundant in the life sciences. With the availability of a multitude of measuring techniques, one of the central problems is the heterogeneity of the data. In this paper, we discuss a specific form of heterogeneity, namely, that of measurements obtained at different measurement scales, such as binary, ordinal, interval, and ratioâscaled variables. Three generic fusion approaches are presented of which two are new to the systems biology community. The methods are presented, put in context, and illustrated with a realâlife genomics example
One-carbon metabolism biomarkers and risk of urothelial cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition
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