Notasjon av de grunnleggende termene og operasjonene i atferdsanalyse: et pedagogisk virkemiddel

De grunnleggende begrepene, termene, operasjonene eller måtene å arrangere miljøbetingelsene på, fremstilles i den atferdsanalytiske litteraturen med ulike forkortelser eller notasjoner. Notasjon med bokstaver og symboler er vanlig i naturvitenskapene - som atferdsanalyse tilhører. Hensikten med systematisk notasjon er å fremstille variabler, operasjoner og prosesser på en effektiv og entydig måte. Notasjonen i atferdsanalyse kan benyttes som ett av flere pedagogisk virkemiddel for å forklare tre-, fire- og femtermskontingensene og operasjonene. Notasjonssystemet vi presenterer baserer seg på et system av Mechner som i noen grad har vært benyttet i litteraturen. Vi har utviklet og utvidet notasjonssystemet med henblikk på å forklare operasjoner som negativ forsterkning, negativ straff, ekstinksjon og andre operasjoner som ofte blir misforstått. Det er ønskelig med en empirisk testing av notasjonssystemet for å avgjøre om notasjon fører til mer effektiv opplæring i atferdsanalys

Vocabulary development in the English classroom

This thesis investigates the following research question: How do teachers work with vocabulary development in the English subject and why? The study examines how a sample of English teachers approach vocabulary teaching, and why they have chosen their respective approaches. In order to answer the main research question, I formulated two additional questions: what are teachers’ cognition towards the role of vocabulary teaching in ELT? And How do teachers interpret competence aims in relation to vocabulary teaching? Both of these questions inform the answer to the main question of this project. I chose to explore this topic for several reasons. The main one being that I believe that vocabulary is the most important part of English acquisition, and research on the topic is important to provide effective instruction in vocabulary. I have also attended multiple schools, none of whom agreed on which approach to vocabulary teaching is the most effective for acquiring word knowledge. I wanted to investigate if teachers have knowledge of research in vocabulary development, and if they choose their methods based on said research. To answer the research question, I have collected data using a qualitative approach where I conducted interviews with English teachers and observed some of the informants in a classroom setting. I coded the data from the informants into various categories of topics that emerged through the data collection and analysis process, and I used the coded data to answer my research questions. My findings indicate that teachers, to some extent, use approaches which are proven to be effective towards vocabulary development. However, there is a noticeable gap in knowledge about the research behind their chosen methods

Creating the Social Question: Imagining Society in Statistics and Political Economy in Late Nineteenth-Century Denmark

Practices such as surveys, guided by scientific statistics and the discourse of political economy, were indispensable tools in the construction of “the social” as a field in Denmark in the late nineteenth century. Leading Danish statisticians were able to create new representations of the structures of society that could be accepted as truth by conservatives, liberals, and socialists alike. Two episodes serve as examples for close examination: the establishment of the “workers’ question” as a social problem in the 1870s, and the new categorization of death in infancy as a social problem around 1900.Des pratiques telles que les enquêtes, éclairées par des statistiques scientifiques et le discours de l’économie politique, ont été des outils indispensables dans la construction du « social » en tant que domaine dans le Danemark de la fin du XIXe siècle. D’éminents statisticiens danois ont été en mesure de créer de nouvelles représentations des structures de la société que pourraient accepter comme la vérité tant les conservateurs que les libéraux et les socialistes. Deux épisodes permettent d’examiner les choses de près : l’établissement de la « question des travailleurs » en tant que problème social dans les années 1870 et le nouveau classement du décès durant l’enfance comme problème social vers 1900

Adaptation for practitioners

An important attribute of the recently developed REDWIN foundation models – developed to be used for integrated analyses of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) – is that they are flexible in how their input can be obtained. Presented in this report are several possible ways to obtain such input, ranging from very simple procedures requiring only a minimum of basic soil input parameters, to more sophisticated nonlinear FEA that requires detailed site investigations and corresponding laboratory testing. Because many of these methods are standard procedures commonly used in OWT foundation design, they facilitate the adaptation of the REDWIN model by practitioners in all phases of actual engineering projects

Inndeling av atferdsanalysen i subsystemer eller arbeidsområder

Atferdsanalyse som fagdisiplin, eller vitenskapelig system, kan inndeles i arbeidsområder eller subsystemer, som bør være gjensidig relaterte og avhengige for å utvikle hele systemet. Subsystemene er konseptuell atferdsanalyse, eksperimentell atferdsanalyse, «translational research», anvendt atferdsanalyse og tjenesteyting basert på atferdsanalyse. Denne inndelingen, og begrepsbruken, er én av flere mulige. Beskrivelser av atferdsanalysens arbeidsområder innebærer at fagfeltet, de atferdsanalytiske organisasjonene og utdanningsinstitusjonene kan diskutere og planlegge hvilke arbeidsområder som bør vektlegges. Beskrivelsen av subsystemene er egnet for gap-analyser på atferdsanalysens arenaer og på mer avgrensede problemområder der atferdsanalyse kan gjøre seg gjeldende. Vi beskriver noen mulige følger ved for stor vektlegging av enkelte subsystemer. Det mest aktuelle problemet nå er overfokusering på tjenesteyting basert på atferdsanalyse. Vi understreker betydningen av å støtte opp hele det atferdsanalytiske systemet. Subsystemene og arbeidsområdene fremstilles i tabellform, og som figur, med tanke på diskusjon av begrepene som brukes, inndelingen, prioriteringer og mulige følge

Physical Work Environments for Creativity. A literature review investigating the relationship between organisational creativity and the physical work environment.

This thesis investigates the relationship between organisational creativity and the physical workplace environment, looking at the conditions that are considered to promote or inhibit creativity. The concepts of creativity and the physical work environment are multifaceted and subjective, and the method of a literature review was chosen to navigate this complexity and explore a wide range of sources. A comprehensive search and selection process based upon a feature map identified 18 peer-reviewed journal articles of high relevance. Research designs and assumptions varied significantly across the collected studies, often being based either on empiricism and instrumental perspectives, or upon symbolic relationships of indirect influence. Despite this variation it was unanimously documented that the physical work environment can influence creativity. Elements of the physical workplace that were shown to affect creativity include those that govern basic working conditions, such as light, temperature, sound, and space; a variation of spaces, ideally balancing team and private spaces, work and relaxation or fun; and an overall level of aesthetics and interior design. The reliability of available literature on this topic is limited by the subjectivity and complexity of both creativity and the physical workplace setting, and highlights the need to establish a reliable dialogue between these two concepts in order to holistically study the relationship between them

Predicting permanent slope displacements due to multidirectional earthquake shaking from unidirectional shaking analyses

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