Mammals (Tetrapoda: Mammalia) of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico: megadiversity in an area of high environmental complexity

  La Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) es la cadena montañosa más grande de México (1,400 km), y no obstante una de las regiones menos estudiadas del país. Utilizando registros de ejemplares examinados en colecciones científicas, observaciones directas, fotografías y datos bibliográficos, construimos una base de datos con 4,659 registros únicos de mamíferos. Nuestros objetivos fueron generar una lista de especies, examinar patrones generales de distribución, relacionar estos patrones con ecorregiones y vegetación, y discutir la importancia de la SMO como centro de endemismo y alta diversidad. Se documentaron 171 especies (34.3 % de los mamíferos terrestres mexicanos). Cuarenta y siete son endémicos de México, incluyendo diez endémicos de la SMO. La mayor riqueza de especies se registró en la ecorregión Tropical (125). El mayor número de endemismos se registró en esta misma ecorregión (37), seguida de Madrense Sur (24) y Madrense Tropical (22). Nueve de las diez especies endémicas de la SMO se distribuyen en áreas templadas. Poco o ningún esfuerzo de colecta ha sido llevado a cabo en más de la mitad de la SMO. El recambio de especies refleja la diversidad y complejidad de biomas, más que los gradientes latitudinales que podrían esperarse. Solo 4.8 % de la SMO se encuentra dentro de un área protegida, pero éstas no incluyen biomas vulnerables como el bosque mesófilo. Es urgente la investigación biológica en la SMO, un área donde se desarrollan extensas actividades mineras, forestales, ganaderas, y más recientemente, turísticas y provisión servicios ambientales.The Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) is the largest mountain range in Mexico (1,400 km long), and yet one of the least studied regions. Using records from museum specimens, direct observations, photographs, and literature data, we built a database with 4,659 unique mammal records. Our aims were to generate a species list, to examine general distribution patterns, to relate these patterns to ecoregions and vegetation, and to discuss the importance of the SMO as a center of endemism and high biological diversity. We recorded 171 species (34.3% of the Mexican terrestrial mammals). Forty-seven are endemic of Mexico, including ten endemics of the SMO. The highest species richness was recorded at the Tropical ecoregion (T, 125 species), followed by Madrean South (MS, 100), and Madrean Xerophylous (MX, 95). The highest number of endemics was recorded in T (37), followed by MS (24), and Madrean tropical (MT, 22). Nine of ten species endemic to the SMO occur in the temperate highlands. Sampling efforts have been scarce or nonexistent for over half the SMO. Species turnover reflects the complexity of the biomes that occur in the Sierra, and not the expected latitudinal patterns of species richness. Only 4.8% of the SMO is within a protected area, and the areas that are protected do not include vulnerable biomes like the cloud forest. Biological research is urgent in the SMO, an area under intensive mining, forestry, cattle ranching, and more recently, tourism and environmental services

A checklist of the mammals (Mammalia) of Chihuahua, Mexico

An updated list of the mammals of Chihuahua state, Mexico was assembled from the literature and from museum specimens. We documented 133 species (15 endemic to Mexico and 11 new for Chihuahua), representing 25 families, 75 genera, and 27.4% of the Mexican terrestrial mammalian fauna. Four species are probably extirpated from the state. Four major ecoregions have been defined for Chihuahua: Arid, Valleys, Sierra, and Quebradas. Species richness was the highest in Valleys, and consisted mostly of species with Nearctic affinities. In contrast, Quebradas were the least species-rich, but included mostly Neotropical species that occur only in this ecoregion of Chihuahua. Despite the fact that Chihuahua harbors considerable biodiversity and unique Mexican biomes, conservation efforts are insufficient. The current rate of anthropogenic modification in the state requires a comprehensive strategy if Chihuahua’s biodiversity is to be preserved

MURCIÉLAGOS DE LA SIERRA TARAHUMARA, CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO

An updated bat inventory of the Sierra Tarahumara, in the southwestern corner of Chihuahua State, based on collections made between 2001 and 2003, examination of museum specimens, and literature data, is presented. Four species are recorded for the first time in Chihuahua (Dermanura azteca, D. tolteca, Myotis fortidens, and Nyctinomops aurispinosus); three are recorded for the second time (Balantiopteryx plicata, Mormoops megalophylla, Choeronycteris mexicana); and three are new records for this portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental (Myotis auriculus, M. thysanodes, Tadarida brasiliensis). This collection increases the bat fauna of the region to 31. The available records suggest that the Sierra Madre canyons act as corridors through which faunas of boreal and tropical affinities move upwards and downwards.Se actualizó el inventario de los murciélagos de la Sierra Tarahumara con base en colectas realizadas entre 2001 y 2004, el examen de ejemplares de colección, así como en información bibliográfica. Cuatro especies se registran por primera vez para el estado de Chihuahua (Dermanura azteca, D. tolteca, Myotis fortidens, Nyctinomops aurispinosus), cuatro por segunda vez (Balantiopteryx plicata, Mormoops megalophylla, Choeronycteris mexicana, Sturnira lilium) y tres se documentan por primera vez para esta porción de la Sierra Madre Occidental (Myotis auriculus, M. thysanodes, Tadarida brasiliensis), llevando el número de especies conocidas a 31. Los registros disponibles sugieren que las cañadas de la Sierra Madre Occidental funcionan como corredores a lo largo de los cuales hay movimientos de las faunas de ambientes templados a tropicales y viceversa

Positive Youth Development and Internet Use in a Sample of Spanish Adolescents

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of Internet in the adolescent population has increased. A growing research interest has been developed about the consequences of Internet use for adolescent development. Despite most studies have examined the impact of Internet use on some indicators of psychological maladjustment, few studies have addressed the detrimental impact on the positive indicators of mental health. Positive youth development (PYD) represents a positive view of adolescent transition to adulthood which focuses on building the strengths that make young people more resistant to negative outcomes and more capable to choose a positive life direction. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between different aspects of Internet use and overall PYD in a sample of Spanish adolescents. To reach this aim, a sample of 1,038 adolescents (50.1% boys, M age = 14.19, SD = 1.38), enrolled in 14 high schools in the city of Huelva (Spain), filled in some self-report measures of PYD and Internet use and experience, such as the frequency of Internet use on weekdays or weekends, the different uses of Internet (i.e., social networks, playing online, reading, surfing or looking for information, playing or downloading music, and searching, selling, or buying products), and the subjective experience using the Internet (i.e., acknowledgment of spending too much time playing or in the networks, and being in a bad mood if they do not play or use the networks). Results of a hierarchical regression analysis showed that the more hours using Internet on weekdays, the less PYD. Moreover, the experience of feeling bad when not using the networks and spending too much time with online playing was related to lower PYD. However, the use of Internet for reading or looking for information had a positive association with PYD. These results suggest some implications for practice, such as the need to promote an adaptive Internet use, by providing a safe online context that encourages the acquisition of positive social values and life skills.This research received funding from the Council of Huelva under Grant number 27-2019, awarded to RM and DG-B

The Role of Developmental Assets in Gender Differences in Anxiety in Spanish Youth

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychological disorders during emerging adulthood. Some consistent gender differences have been reported in anxiety with women suffering more anxiety than men, which has detrimental consequences in most life spheres in the youth and later life stages. The understanding of the development of anxiety in emerging adulthood requires a developmental perspective. The Developmental Assets Theory was postulated to describe the individual and the contextual resources which may foster positive youth development and mental health. The present study aims to analyze to what extent the gender differences in anxiety may be partly explained by gender differences in developmental assets. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in which a sample of 1,044 youths (75.5% women; age range = 18–28; M age = 20.47, SD = 3.08) enrolled in 11 universities from different regions in Spain filled in self-report measures of developmental assets and anxiety symptoms. The participants completed an online survey with the scales, Developmental Assets Profile developed by the Search Institute (1) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (2). The results showed more anxiety in the female subsample (at both the symptoms and clinical levels). Some gender differences in developmental assets were also observed. A partial mediation model, based on regression analyses, indicated that gender differences in anxiety were partly explained by gender differences in developmental assets. Thus, higher anxiety in the women was partly due to lower scores in positive identity and higher scores in positive values. These results suggested the need to design programs to prevent anxiety with specific measures for women youth to nurture positive identity and promote strengths and coping skills that allow them to get the benefits of well-being derived from positive values, thus, preventing worry and stress overload, which may lead to anxiety.This research received funding from Research, Development and Innovation Projects of European Regional Development Fund in Andalusia 2014–2020. Grant number UHU-1259711, awarded to the first and last authors

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Mammals of the San Pedro-Mezquital River Basin, Durango-Nayarit, Mexico

The San Pedro–Mezquital River Basin is located in the southern Sierra Madre Occidental, at the Nearctic– Neotropical transition. The river traverses the Sierra through a canyon that reaches over 1000 m in depth. Based on examination of museum specimens, literature records, and our own collections, we documented the occurrence of 120 species (24.6% of the Mexican terrestrial mammals), 24 endemic to Mexico. Richness was comparable with other megadiverse areas of Mexico, and higher than any other Nearctic–Neotropical transition area, moreover species richness is likely to rise as survey continues. Contrary to expectation, distribution of mammals across the basin not only reflected the Nearctic–Neotropical divide, but a third fauna that is a mixture of tropical, temperate and desert species was identifiable at the canyon. Anthropogenic threats including damming of the river, uncontrolled cattle grazing, and pollution from domestic sources, call for effective management strategies to preserve one of the most biodiverse areas of Mexico

Composición florística, estructura y endemismo en una parcela permanente de bosque seco en Zapotillo, provincia de Loja, Ecuador

En el bosque seco de la Reserva Natural “La Ceiba” (RNLC), cantón Zapotillo, provincia de Loja, ubicada entre 386 y 415 m de altitud y en las coordenadas 80º15’34,06’’W y 4º13’42,69’’S, se estableció una parcela permanente de 100 x 100 m, con 25 subparcelas de 20 x 20 m. En cada sub parcela, se registraron todos los individuos ≥ 5 cm de diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP). Se registran 28 especies de árboles, 8 arbustos, 9 hierbas y 4 epífitas. Se inventariaron 1 057 individuos/ ha, 956 son árboles no ramificados y 101 se ramifican. Los árboles presentan un área basal de 26,73 m2/ha y un volumen de 169,41 m 3 /ha. Las familias más diversas son Fabaceae, Bombacaceae, Mimosaceae y Caesalpiniaceae. Las especies con mayor IVIE son: Simira ecuadorensis, Tabebuia chrysantha, Ceiba trichistandra y Cordia macrantha. El perfil estructural de un transecto de 10 x 100 m, demuestra que el estrato superior está representado por Tabebuia chrysantha, Terminalia valverdeae y Piscidia carthagenensis, el estrato codominado por Bursera graveolens, Citharexylum quitensey Erythroxylum glaucum, y el estrato suprimido por Simira ecuadorensisy Prockia crucis. Se registraron 13 especies endémicas que son compartidas con Perú. La composición florística y las características estructurales determinan un buen estado de conservación del bosqu

Comparing Password Management Software: Toward Usable and Secure Enterprise Authentication

In today's corporate IT systems, employees routinely repeat an undeniable pattern: accessing a huge number of password-protected services. In this regard, although deploying a strong enterprise password policy can increase security against online breaches and data leaks, it also imposes a significant usability burden on users. To alleviate this problem, password managers (PMs) are considered user-friendly tools that automate password generation and login processes. But how secure and usable are these tools? The authors analyze the four most popular PMs with free versions from both security and usability perspectives. The comparison leads to recommendations on enterprise PM selection, as well as to the identification of new lines of research and development on usable authentication.This work was supported partly by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project INRISCO (TEC2014-54335-C4-2-R), and by the State of Madrid (Spain) under contract number S2013/ICE-2715 (e-Madrid)

Propuesta de intervención para prevención y control del dengue para la primera infancia en Cali

De las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, el dengue actualmente es una prioridad de salud pública. Este virus es considerado una enfermedad de carácter endémico-epidémico emergente, y aunque se dispone de una vacuna, está solo está autorizada en algunos países para suministro a personas entre los 9 y 45 años, que vivan en zonas endémicas. Debido a su naturaleza, existen una serie de factores para contraer el dengue, entre ellos se encuentran factores macro determinantes como los ambientales y sociales (densidad de población, patrones de asentamiento, características de vivienda, etc.); mientras que los factores micro determinantes hacen referencia a características de los individuos (edad, sexo, grado de inmunidad), y a características del vector (domesticidad, tasa de supervivencia, capacidad de picar). Teniendo en cuenta que la vacuna aún no está autorizada en Colombia y que, históricamente, el municipio de Cali ha sido territorio propicio para el hábitat del mosquito Aedes aegypty, debido a las condiciones ambientales y climáticas de la ciudad, se evidencia un alto índice de casos de dengue y dengue grave en niños menores de 12 años, los cuales, en ocasiones, generan graves consecuencias en la salud que pueden incluso llevar a la muerte. Por lo que, la presente propuesta plantea prevenir el contagio del dengue en la primera infancia, en la ciudad de Cali, Valle del Cauca, para el año 2020, mediante estrategias de manejo integrado con participación e integración interinstitucional y comunitaria. Para ello se proponen diferentes estrategias, teniendo en cuenta tanto los actores, como las líneas operativas del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública y los enfoques, además de mostrar los resultados que se esperan para cada una de ellas.Of vector-borne diseases, dengue is currently a public health priority. This virus is considered an emerging endemic-epidemic disease, and although a vaccine is available, it is only authorized in some countries to provide to people between 9 and 45 years old, living in endemic areas. Due to its nature, there are a series of factors to get dengue, among them are macro-determining factors such as environmental and social factors (population density, settlement patterns, housing characteristics, etc.); while the micro-determining factors refer to characteristics of the individuals (age, sex, degree of immunity), and characteristics of the vector (domesticity, survival rate, ability to sting). Taking into account that the vaccine is not yet authorized in Colombia and that, historically, Cali has been a favorable territory for the habitat of the Aedes aegypty mosquito, due to the environmental and climatic conditions of the city, a high rate of dengue and severe dengue cases in children under 12 years of age, which sometimes generate serious health consequences that can even lead to death. Therefore, this proposal aims to prevent the spread of dengue in early childhood, in Cali, Valle del Cauca, by 2020, through integrated management strategies with participation and inter-institutional and community integration. For this, different strategies are proposed, taking into account both the actors and the operational lines of the Ten-Year Public Health Plan and the approaches, in addition to showing the results expected for each of them