Feminist or Paternalistic: Understanding Men’s Motivations to Confront Sexism

The role of men in fighting gender inequality is a controversial issue. Literature has shown that advantaged group members can promote social change but also perpetuate status quo. We conducted three studies to examine two motivational processes that may lead men to confront sexism: an egalitarian path and a paternalistic one. Studies 1– 3 revealed that men high in benevolent sexism were more willing to confront sexism for paternalistic reasons, whereas Studies 2–3 found that men high in feminist identification were more likely to confront sexism for egalitarian reasons. Pooled analyses (Studies 1–3) supported the egalitarian and paternalistic paths underlying sexism confrontation. Moreover, Studies 2 and 3 extended these findings to collective action and engagement in the men’s activist movement that aims to reflect on male privilege (i.e., the Men for Equity movement). These results highlight the existence of various underlying motivations to confront sexism by men, as well as the limits of paternalism and the potential of feminism to motivate men to take part in other kinds of actions beyond confrontation to foster social change.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the predoctoral contract granted to LE-R (FPU14/0511) and through the excellence project granted to SL (PSI2016-79971-P)

Screening for intimate partner violence during pregnancy: a test accuracy study

The study was funded by the Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (National Project IthornDthornI: FEM201679049-R). The funder had no part at any stage in analysis or in writing of this manuscript.Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious health problem that affects pregnancy more frequently than other obstetric complications usually evaluated in antenatal visits. We aimed to estimate the accuracy of the Women Abuse Screening Tool-Short (WAST-Short) and the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) for the detection of IPV during and before pregnancy. Methods Consecutive eligible mothers in 21 public primary health antenatal care centres in Andalusia (Spain) who received antenatal care and gave birth during January 2017-March 2019, had IPV data gathered by trained midwives in the first and third pregnancy trimesters. The index tests were WAST-Short (score range 0-2; cut-off 2) and AAS (score range 0-1; cut-off 1). The reference standard was World Health Organization (WHO) IPV questionnaire. Area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for test performance to capture IPV during and before pregnancy, and compared using paired samples analysis. Results According to the reference standard, 9.5% (47/495) and 19.4% (111/571) women suffered IPV during and before pregnancy, respectively. For capturing IPV during pregnancy in the third trimester, the WAST-Short (AUC 0.73, 95% CI 0.63, 0.81), performed better than AAS (AUC 0.57, 95% CI 0.47, 0.66, P = 0.0001). For capturing IPV before pregnancy in the first trimester, there was no significant difference between the WAST-Short (AUC 0.69, 95% CI 0.62, 0.74) and the AAS (AUC 0.69, 95% CI 0.62, 0.74, P = 0.99). Conclusions The WAST-Short could be useful to screen IPV during pregnancy in antenatal visits.Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness of Spain IthornDthornI: FEM201679049-

Automatic associations and conscious attitudes predict different aspects of men’s intimate partner violence and sexual harassment proclivities

Intimate partner violence against women (IPV) and sexual harassment are both widespread. Research on their causes and attitudinal correlates has rarely examined implicit, automatic cognitive associations related to the partner (in IPV aggressors) or to women (in sexual harassment offenders). The aim of the present research was to study these implicit associations in 129 male German students. Participants completed scales of hostile sexism (HS), masculine gender role stress (MGRS), short-term (STMO) and long-term mating orientation (LTMO), and proclivity to both IPV and sexual harassment. Next they performed a primed lexical decision task that measured whether concepts of violence, power, hostility, and sexuality were differentially associated with representations of women, men, and the participant’s own intimate partner. Results showed that implicit associations of own partner with violence as well as hostility were generally high but did not correlate strongly with the proclivity measures. Furthermore, the proclivity measures were positively predicted by HS, MGRS, and STMO, whereas LTMO negatively predicted IPV proclivity. Practice implications point to the need to address early socialization processes that may shape men's negative associations with female partners. Some strategies to prevent and reduce these types of implicit associations are discussed.The present study was performed as part of projects PSI2013-45041-P and PSI2016-79812-P funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and as part of the Scholarship for Teacher Training University [FPU 2012, AP2012-2824] funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport to the first author. Gerd Bohner gratefully acknowledges support from the Gender Studies Program of the Ministry for Innovation, Science, and Research of the State of North-Rhine Westfalia, German

Influence of early romantic relationships on adolescents' sexism

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of romantic relationships on adolescents sexism. We primed some of the participants with their past and/or present relationship experiences before assessing their sexism. A sample of 130 adolescents (67 boys and 63 girls) from Spanish high schools participated in the study. Half of them were asked to report on their relationship experience first before responding to an ambivalent sexism inventory. The other half of the sample responded first to the sexism inventory and then reported on their relationship experience. The results of this study showed that when participants relationship experiences were primed, they reported higher endorsement of sexist beliefs: boys reported higher BS and HS, whereas girls reported higher BS.El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia que las primeras relaciones de pareja tienen en el sexismo de los y las adolescentes. Para ello, utilizamos un procedimiento que hizo salientes a algunos de los participantes sus experiencias pasadas y actuales de pareja, antes de evaluar su sexismo. Participaron en el estudio 130 adolescentes (67 chicos y 63 chicas) de centros educativos españoles. A la mitad de la muestra, se le solicitó que informaran sobre sus relaciones de pareja antes de responder a un cuestionario que medía el sexismo ambivalente. La otra mitad cumplimentó inicialmente el cuestionario de sexismo y después informó de sus relaciones de pareja. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que al hacer salientes las relaciones de pareja, el sexismo informado por las personas participantes es mayor: en el caso de los chicos, tanto el SB como el SH, y en el caso de las chicas, el S

Exposure to Feminist Humor and the Proclivity to Collective Action for Gender Equality: The Role of Message Format and Feminist Identification

Previous research has pointed out that feminist humor or subversive humor against sexism is an important precursor to collective action for gender equality. This effect has been found contrasting subversive humor with neutral humor, however, to date, no study has explored the impact of the message format. Thus, we conducted two experiments to analyze the effect of exposure to a subversive humorous vignette against sexism (vs. subversive serious information against sexism and neutral humorous vignette) on involvement in collective action for gender equality, considering participants’ feminist identification. In Study 1 (n = 135 men and n = 198 women), participants with lower feminist identification reported a greater proclivity toward collective action after being exposure to both a subversive humorous vignette and subversive serious vignette (vs. neutral humorous vignette). In Study 2 (n = 157 men and 188 women), we replaced the subversive serious vignette with a subversive serious discourse. The results revealed that exposure to a subversive humorous vignette (vs. subversive serious discourse and neutral humorous vignette) increased participants’ collective action proclivity, but only in participants with weaker feminist identification. Both studies highlight a new pathway to motivate collective action for gender equality, as well as the potential effect of humor to promote a change in attitudes.The present research was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under Grants Ref. Project PID2019-104239 GB-I00 and Ref. PID2022-138665NB-I00

VALORES DE REFERÊNCIA DO TESTE MOTOR EM ESQUIADORES ALPINO ESPANHOL DE 11 A 14 ANOS

Introduction: The objectives of the study were to show the percentile values ​​of different motor tests in Spanish children's skiers and compare them with their performance levels between the different age and sex groups. Methodology: 135 Spanish skiers (53 girls and 82 boys) aged 11-14 years and children's category, performed 11 motor tests: 1) Forward trunk flexion; 2) Flamingo; 3) Hexagon; 4) Harre's obstacle course; 5) 5x10m; 6) Long jump; 7) Squat jump; 8) Counter Movement Jump; 9) Drop Jump; 10) Continuous vertical jumps for 15 seconds, and 11) 45 seconds. Results: The results of the two-way ANOVA showed numerous statistically significant differences between the age and gender categories. Conclusions: The choice of tests used for the prediction of sports performance in children in this study may be useful to assess physical abilities and control training in alpine skiing at the age of 11-14 years.Introducción: Los objetivos del estudio fueron mostrar los valores percentiles de diferentes test motores en esquiadores españoles de categoría infantil y compararlos con sus niveles de rendimiento entre los diferentes grupos de edad y sexo. Metodología: 135 esquiadores españoles (53 niñas y 82 niños) de 11-14 años de edad y categoría infantil, realizaron 11 test motores: 1) Flexión de tronco adelante; 2) Flamenco; 3) Hexágono; 4) Circuito obstáculos de Harre; 5) 5 x 10 m; 6) Salto de longitud; 7) Squat Jump; 8) Counter Movement Jump; 9) Drop Jump; 10) Saltos verticales continuos durante 15 segundos, y 11) 45 segundos. Resultados: Los resultados del ANOVA de dos factores mostraron numerosas diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las categorías de edad y sexo. Conclusiones: La elección de las pruebas utilizadas para la predicción del rendimiento deportivo en edad infantil en este estudio puede ser útiles para evaluar las capacidades físicas y controlar el entrenamiento en el esquí alpino en la edad de 11-14 años.Introdução: Os objetivos do estudo foram mostrar os valores percentuais de diferentes testes motores em esquiadores infantis espanhóis e compará-los com seus níveis de desempenho entre os diferentes grupos de idade e sexo. Metodologia: 135 esquiadores espanhóis (53 meninas e 82 meninos) com idades entre 11-14 anos e categoria infantil, realizaram 11 testes motores: 1) Flexão de tronco para frente; 2) Flamingo; 3) Hexágono; 4) Pista de obstáculos de Harre; 5) 5x10m; 6) Salto em distância; 7) Salto de agachamento; 8) Salto Contra Movimento; 9) Drop Jump; 10) Saltos verticais contínuos por 15 segundos e 11) 45 segundos. Resultados: Os resultados da ANOVA two-way mostraram inúmeras diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as categorias de idade e sexo. Conclusões: A escolha dos testes utilizados para a predição do desempenho esportivo em crianças deste estudo pode ser útil para avaliar as habilidades físicas e controlar o treinamento em esqui alpino na idade de 11-14 anos

Versión colombiana de la escala Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression: primeros análisis psicométricos

En este estudio se presentan los primeros datos psicométricos en muestras colombianas de la Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale (AMMSA) (Gerger, Kley, Bohner y Siebler, 2007), instrumento que permite evaluar mitos modernos sobre las agresiones sexuales. Dos estudios fueron llevados a cabo con muestras universitarias. En el primero, trescientos doce estudiantes completaron la versión colombiana de esta escala así como otros dos instrumentos que miden constructos relacionados (Sexism Ambivalent Inventory, ASI, y Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, RMAS). En el estudio 2, ciento noventa y seis universitarios respondieron tanto a la versión colombiana de esta escala como a una serie de preguntas sobre un escenario ficticio de agresión sexual. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de ambos estudios permiten concluir que las puntuaciones de la versión colombiana de la escala AMMSA poseen una adecuada consistencia interna (Estudio 1, ? = .87; Estudio 2, ? =.86). Los valores de las correlaciones observadas entre laspuntuaciones en el AMMSA y las variables seleccionadas para obtener las evidencias externas de validez se ajustaron a las hipótesis planteadas. Comparada con la escala RMAS, las puntuaciones medias en el AMMSA fueron mayores y sus distribuciones normales. Dichos hallazgos sugierenque la versión colombiana de la escala AMMSA es un instrumento de medida útil para estudiar la percepción social de las agresiones sexuales en muestras colombianas

Pharmacogenetics of Immunosuppressants in Solid Organ Transplantation: Time to Implement in the Clinic

Our aim in this chapter is to present the state of the art, including our own group research, in the field of immunosuppressant pharmacogenetics in the four main types of solid organ transplantation: kidney, heart, lung, and liver. The main focus will be on those findings in the field that have been widely investigated and then in those that are close to clinical implementation, mainly CYP3A5 genotyping for the adjustment of the initial tacrolimus dose. This recommendation will be discussed in more detail, explaining its clinical potential as well as its limitations. To end, a short opinion about the feasibility of implementation in the health systems as well as discussion about private companies selling pharmacogenetic tests will be presented

Discovery of the elusive carbonic acid (HOCOOH) in space

After a quarter century since the detection of the last interstellar carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH$_3$COOH), we report the discovery of a new one, the cis-trans form of carbonic acid (HOCOOH), toward the Galactic Center molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. HOCOOH stands as the first interstellar molecule containing three oxygen atoms and also the third carboxylic acid detected so far in the interstellar medium. Albeit the limited available laboratory measurements (up to 65 GHz), we have also identified several pairs of unblended lines directly in the astronomical data (between 75-120 GHz), which allowed us to slightly improve the set of spectroscopic constants. We derive a column density for cis-trans HOCOOH of $N$ = (6.4 $\pm$ 0.4) $\times$ 10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which yields an abundance with respect to molecular H$_2$ of 4.7 $\times$ 10$^{-11}$. Meanwhile, the extremely low dipole moment (about fifteen times lower) of the lower-energy conformer, cis-cis HOCOOH, precludes its detection. We obtain an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H$_2$ of $\leq$ 1.2 $\times$10$^{-9}$, which suggests that cis-cis HOCOOH might be fairly abundant in interstellar space, although it is nearly undetectable by radio astronomical observations. We derive a cis-cis/cis-trans ratio $\leq$ 25, consistent with the smaller energy difference between both conformers compared with the relative stability of trans- and cis-formic acid (HCOOH). Finally, we compare the abundance of these acids in different astronomical environments, further suggesting a relationship between the chemical content found in the interstellar medium and the chemical composition of the minor bodies of the Solar System, which could be inherited during the star formation process.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

First glycine isomer detected in the interstellar medium: glycolamide (NH2_2C(O)CH2_2OH)

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium of a C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomer: $syn$-glycolamide (NH$_2$C(O)CH$_2$OH). The exquisite sensitivity at sub-mK levels of an ultra-deep spectral survey carried out with the Yebes 40m and IRAM 30m telescopes towards the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud have allowed us to unambiguously identify multiple transitions of this species. We derived a column density of (7.4 $\pm$ 0.7)$\times$10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which implies a molecular abundance with respect to H$_2$ of 5.5$\times$10$^{-11}$. The other C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomers, including the higher-energy $anti$ conformer of glycolamide, and two conformers of glycine, were not detected. The upper limit derived for the abundance of glycine indicates that this amino acid is surely less abundant than its isomer glycolamide in the ISM. The abundances of the C$_2$H$_5$O$_2$N isomers cannot be explained in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium, and thus chemical kinetics need to be invoked. While the low abundance of glycine might not be surprising, based on the relative low abundances of acids in the ISM compared to other compounds (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes or amines), several chemical pathways can favour the formation of its isomer glycolamide. It can be formed through radical-radical reactions on the surface of dust grains. The abundances of these radicals can be significantly boosted in an environment affected by a strong ultraviolet field induced by cosmic rays, such as that expected in G+0.693-0.027. Therefore, as shown by several recent molecular detections towards this molecular cloud, it stands out as the best target to discover new species with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen with increasing chemical complexity.Comment: Accepted in The Astrophysical Journal Letter