Los procesos de formación de palabras de la lengua alemana como condensadores funcionales de información gramatical

Los procesos de formación de palabras en lengua alemana se nos presentan en la actualidad como recursos gramaticales de grandísima importancia para la economía lingüística. Así, más allá de ser concebidos como simples unidades arbitrarias dotadas de significante y significado, deben entenderse como recursos gramaticales, en ocasiones de gran complejidad, portadores de un sinfín de matices cuya correcta interpretación depende de los pre-conocimientos de que sean poseedores los interlocutores del acto comunicativo, o, incluso, de los pre-conocimientos respecto de lo que saben o suponen conocen los interlocutores los unos respecto de los otros. Qué posibilidades de información nos abren los procesos de derivación, o también los procesos de composición, en qué escenario morfosintáctico cabe asignar a estos mecanismos mayor o menor recursividad, y, sobre todo, de qué bases lexemáticas disponemos en los casos de amplia productividad, son los tres objetivos fundamentales que podemos abordar en el presente trabajo.Word-formation processes in German are now considered as highly important grammatical resources for linguistic economy. Thus, far from being conceived as mere arbitrary units endowed with signifier and signified, they must be thought of as grammatical resources, though often very complex, which carry a great many different nuances. The correct interpretation of these depends on the background knowledge the interlocutors possess about this type of speech acts; or, even, on the background knowledge the interlocutors possess or assume they possess of one another. The aim of this paper is three-fold. Firstly, it sets out to account for the different possibilities of information purported by processes of derivation, as well as by processes of composition. Secondly, it aims at describing the morpho-syntactic scene where those mechanisms appear as more or less recurrent. Finally and most importantly, its purpose is to identify the lexematic bases available for us in cases of high productivity

Constantes sintácticas en torno a los mecanismos de modalidad y pseudomodalidad de la lengua alemana. Una categorización de su "corpus" verbal

Los verbos modales alemanes presentan constantes sintácticas que los diferencian de cualquier otro grupo funcional. Estas características coinciden plena o parcialmente con las que por su parte también presentan los denominados verbos semi-modales, por ejemplo, los verbos de percepción. Objetivo de este artículo será analizar en qué medida esto es así, detallando las variantes semi-modales en que se produce una coincidencia plena de estos marcadores sintácticos y aquellas otras en que la coincidencia es sólo parcial.German modal verbs show syntactic constant features making them different from any other functional group. These features match, fully or in part, those of the so-called semi-modal verbs; for instance, perception verbs. The aim of this paper is to analyze the extent to which those correspondences among syntactic markers are sometimes full and sometimes just partial.peerReviewe

L’immigration dans le cinéma français et québécois à travers quelques films

Dans son traitement cinématographique, l’image de l’immigré est chargée d’un pouvoir critique, celui des politiques migratoires qui encadrent sa présence sur le sol de son pays d’accueil. En France, par la voix de l’immigré ou de ses enfants se disent les difficultés de la double appartenance, de l’adaptation à la culture majoritaire. Au Québec, qui a choisi une politique multiculturaliste, se font jour les tentations au repli communautaire. Des thématiques différentes qui témoignent des difficultés récurrentes de l’intégration

El inmigrante y las políticas de inmigración en el cine

Programa de Doctorado en Europa, el Mediterráneo y su Difusión AtlánticaNuestro trabajo se centra en el análisis de películas francesas y quebequesas a través de las cuales pretendemos mostrar la representación que nos ofrecen los directores de la inmigración y de las leyes que regulan esta inmigración. Veremos como Francia y Canadá aplican políticas migratorias muy diferentes, asimilación / integración en el primero y multiculturalismo en el segundo, y recalcaremos en los puntos positivos y negativos de cada una de ellas a través del cine.Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofí

Implications of a Change of Paradigm in Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Augmentation Therapy: From Biochemical to Clinical Efficacy

Ever since the first studies, restoring proteinase imbalance in the lung has traditionally been considered as the main goal of alpha1 antitrypsin (AAT) replacement therapy. This strategy was therefore based on ensuring biochemical efficacy, identifying a protection threshold, and evaluating different dosage regimens. Subsequently, the publication of the results of the main clinical trials showing a decrease in the progression of pulmonary emphysema has led to a debate over a possible change in the main objective of treatment, from biochemical efficacy to clinical efficacy in terms of lung densitometry deterioration prevention. This new paradigm has produced a series controversies and unanswered questions which face clinicians managing AAT deficiency. In this review, the concepts that led to the approval of AAT replacement therapy are reviewed and discussed under a new prism of achieving clinical efficacy, with the reduction of lung deterioration as the main objective. Here, we propose the use of current knowledge and clinical experience to face existing challenges in different clinical scenarios, in order to help clinicians in decision-making, increase interest in the disease, and stimulate research in this field

Constantes sintácticas en torno a los mecanismos de modalidad y pseudomodalidad de la lengua alemana: una categorización de su "corpus" verbal

Los verbos modales alemanes presentan constantes sintácticas que los diferencian de cualquier otro grupo funcional. Estas características coinciden plena o parcialmente con las que por su parte también presentan los denominados verbos semi-modales, por ejemplo, los verbos de percepción. Objetivo de este artículo será analizar en qué medida esto es así, detallando las variantes semi-modales en que se produce una coincidencia plena de estos marcadores sintácticos y aquellas otras en que la coincidencia es sólo parcialGerman modal verbs show syntactic constant features making them different from any other functional group. These features match, fully or in part, those of the so-called semi-modal verbs; for instance, perception verbs. The aim of this paper is to analyze the extent to which those correspondences among syntactic markers are sometimes full and sometimes just partia

Determinants in the Underdiagnosis of COPD in Spain—CONOCEPOC Study

Respiratory symptoms; Spirometry; UnderdiagnosisSíntomas respiratorios; Espirometría; InfradiagnósticoSímptomes respiratoris; Espirometria; InfradiagnòsticFactors such as seeking medical attention for respiratory symptoms and health professionals ordering spirometry come into play in the underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of this study was to analyze seeking medical attention and the use of spirometry in individuals with chronic respiratory symptoms and to compare these results with those obtained in the 2005 and 2011 surveys. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, epidemiological study was conducted via phone interview in December 2020 in Spain, with a representative sample from 17 autonomous communities. The study design was identical to that of the studies carried out in 2005 and 2011 to evaluate the changes that have occurred in seeking medical attention and performing spirometry in Spain, as well as the variability between autonomous communities. Results: From 89,601 phone contacts, a total of 6534 respondents were obtained. A total of 24.8% reported having some chronic respiratory symptom, and 17.9% reported a respiratory disease. Only 51.6% of those who had some chronic respiratory symptom had seen their doctor, which was less likely among current smokers (OR: 0.599, 95% CI: 0.467–0.769, p < 0.001) and those living in a rural setting (OR: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.651–0.975, p = 0.027). A total of 68.7% of the individuals who saw a doctor reported having undergone spirometry, most frequently males (OR: 1.535, 95% CI: 2.074–1.136, p < 0.005), former smokers (OR: 1.696, 95% CI: 2.407–1.195, p < 0.003), and those seen by a pulmonologist (OR: 6.151, 95% CI: 8.869–4.265, p < 0.001). With respect to the 2005 survey, more frequent use of spirometry has been observed (42.6 vs. 68.7%), without any change in seeking medical attention for respiratory symptoms. There is a clear variability according to the autonomous community (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Many individuals with chronic respiratory symptoms do not seek medical attention and although the use of spirometry has increased in the past 15 years, it is still an important area that needs improving in the primary care setting, especially among women. Both of these factors can be determinants in the underdiagnosis of COPD and its variability between autonomous communities.This study has been promoted and sponsored by the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). We thank GlaxoSmithKline Spain for its financial support in carrying out the study; grant number 214465. The financing entities did not participate in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, publication, or preparation of this manuscript

Integrating Comorbidities and Phenotype-Based Medicine in Patient-Centered Medicine in COPD

Despite recent notable innovations in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), no major advances in patient-centered medicine have been achieved. Current guidelines base their proposals on the average results from clinical trials, leading to what could be termed ‘means-based’ medical practice. However, the therapeutic response is variable at the patient level. Additionally, the variability of the clinical presentation interacts with comorbidities to form a complex clinical scenario for clinicians to deal with. Consequently, no consensus has been reached over a practical approach for combining comorbidities and disease presentation markers in the therapeutic algorithm. In this context, from the patients’ first visit, the clinician faces four major dilemmas: (1) establishing the correct diagnosis of COPD as opposed to other airway diseases, such as bronchial asthma; (2) deciding on the initial therapeutic approach based on the clinical characteristics of each case; (3) setting up a study strategy for non-responding patients; (4) pursuing a follow-up strategy with two well-defined periods according to whether close or long-term follow-up is required. Here, we will address these major dilemmas in the search for a patient-centered approach to COPD management and suggest how to combine them all in a single easy-to-use strategy

Smoking and COPD Knowledge in the General Spanish Population: A CONOCEPOC Study

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Knowledge; Tobacco useMalaltia pulmonar obstructiva crònica; Coneixement; Consum de tabacEnfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica; Conocimiento; Consumo de tabacoBackground: The objective of this analysis is to evaluate tobacco use and the level of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) knowledge among the general adult population in Spain and to compare these results to those obtained in the 2011 survey. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, epidemiological study was conducted by telephone interviews and stratified by sex, age, and setting. The study design was identical to that of the study conducted in 2011. Results: Of a total of 89,601 phone contacts, there were 6534 respondents. The average age was 61.5 years. With respect to smoking, 30.9% reported being former smokers and 14.7% were current smokers, 63.6% of whom reported having attempted to quit. Among the current smokers, 19.7% claimed to use electronic cigarettes, although 88% believe these pose a health risk. No significant differences were found in smoking prevalence or frequency of attempts to quit according to residential setting (rural/urban). The highest prevalence of current smoking in men was recorded in the 55–64 years age range (31.6%), while in women it was from 45 to 54 years (34.6%). Smoking has decreased with respect to 2011, from 21.1% to 16.1% in men and from 17.9% to 13.2% in women, with a clear variability according to region. Of the population surveyed, 32.5% had spontaneous knowledge about COPD, with significant geographic variability. The most frequent sources of information about the disease were social media and the Internet (39.6%), followed by the media (35.2%). Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use in adults has considerably decreased and there is greater knowledge about COPD in Spain, although there is significant variability according to region, which could explain the geographic variability in the prevalence of COPD. Strategies are needed to increase COPD education and awareness and to reinforce smoking prevention measures among women.This study has been promoted and sponsored by the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). We thank GlaxoSmithKline Spain for its financial support in carrying out the study (grant number 214465). The financing entities did not participate in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, publication, or preparation of this manuscript