Is magnetic resonance imaging teratogenic during pregnancy? Literature review

La resonancia nuclear magnética es una herramienta diagnóstica que actúa mediante la obtención de imágenes por campos electromagnéticos en combinación con radiofrecuencia. Dadas sus propiedades y seguridad es el estudio de elección en mujeres en estado de embarazo. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de las consecuencias que la exposición a la resonancia nuclear magnética tiene sobre los fetos en gestación. Objetivos Identificar los efectos que tiene la resonancia magnética sobre el feto cuando se utiliza como método diagnostico durante el embarazo. Materiales y métodos Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed, Embase y LILACS. Se revisaron además guías de práctica clínica, literatura gris y se hizo un análisis en base a los hallazgos. Resultados Se encontraron 4 efectos potencialmente adversos: 1) El impacto en el desarrollo auditivo por el sonido acústico que genera el resonador. 2) Efectos teratogénicos sobre el ADN. 3) Deformaciones físicas por aumento de temperatura. 4) Efectos teratogénicos por el uso de gadolinio como medio de contraste. Conclusión La evaluación del riesgo que genera el uso de resonancia nuclear magnética sobre el feto es compleja debido a las múltiples diferencias entre las fuerzas de los campos, gradientes de fuerza y pulsos de radiofrecuencia utilizados. Consecuentemente los efectos adversos del uso de este método no son muy claros, sin embargo sí hay estudios que describen los posibles desenlaces que puede tener su utilización por lo que se sugiere usar este método con cautela, siempre y cuando los beneficios sobrepasen los riesgos en las pacientes embarazadas.198-207Magnetic resonance imaging is a diagnostic tool used for obtaining an image through the combination of electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency. Given its properties and safety, it is the imaging modality of choice in pregnant women. However, little is known about the effects of MRI on the developing foetus. Objectives To identify the effects of the use of magnetic resonance imaging on the foetus when used as a diagnostic tool during pregnancy. Materials and methods A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and LILACS. Clinical guidelines and the grey literature were also reviewed. An analysis was made based on the findings. Results Four potentially adverse effects where found: 1) The impact on the auditory development due to the acoustic sound made by the resonator. 2) Teratogenic effects on DNA. 3) Physical deformities secondary to temperature increase. 4) Teratogenic effects due to the use of gadolinium as a contrast agent. Conclusion The risk assessment on the use of magnetic resonance imaging on the foetus is complex, owing to the multiple differences in field strength, force gradients, and radiofrequency pulses used. Although the adverse effects of using this method are not very clear, there are studies that describe the possible outcomes that can result from the use of this imaging modality. It is recommended to use MRI with caution, as long as the benefits outweigh the risk in pregnant patients

Economic activity and congenital anomalies: An ecologic study in Argentina

In this study, we analyze the association between industrial activity and the occurrence of 34 congenital anomalies. We selected 21 counties in Argentina during 1982-1994 and examined a total of 614,796 births in these counties in consecutive series. We used the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities as an indicator of exposure to 80 specific industrial activities. Incidence rate ratios for each congenital anomaly were adjusted by the socioeconomic level of the county according to a census index of social deprivation. For a given exposure/anomaly association to be considered as significant and relevant, the exposure had to be a statistically significant risk for the occurrence of the anomaly and an increase in the birth prevalence rate of the congenital anomaly type involved had to be observed in those counties where the putative causal activity was being performed. Significant associations (p < 0.01) were identified between textile industry and anencephaly, and between the manufacture of engines and turbines and microcephaly. These observations are consistent with previous reports on occupational exposure, and their further investigation by means of case-control studies is recommended.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Economic activity and congenital anomalies: An ecologic study in Argentina

In this study, we analyze the association between industrial activity and the occurrence of 34 congenital anomalies. We selected 21 counties in Argentina during 1982-1994 and examined a total of 614,796 births in these counties in consecutive series. We used the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities as an indicator of exposure to 80 specific industrial activities. Incidence rate ratios for each congenital anomaly were adjusted by the socioeconomic level of the county according to a census index of social deprivation. For a given exposure/anomaly association to be considered as significant and relevant, the exposure had to be a statistically significant risk for the occurrence of the anomaly and an increase in the birth prevalence rate of the congenital anomaly type involved had to be observed in those counties where the putative causal activity was being performed. Significant associations (p < 0.01) were identified between textile industry and anencephaly, and between the manufacture of engines and turbines and microcephaly. These observations are consistent with previous reports on occupational exposure, and their further investigation by means of case-control studies is recommended.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Evidence for succession and putative metabolic roles of fungi and bacteria in the farming mutualism of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis

The bacterial and fungal community involved in ambrosia beetle fungiculture remains poorly studied compared to the famous fungus-farming ants and termites. Here we studied microbial community dynamics of laboratory nests, adults, and brood during the life cycle of the sugarcane shot hole borer, Xyleborus affinis. We identified a total of 40 fungal and 428 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), from which only five fungi (a Raffaelea fungus and four ascomycete yeasts) and four bacterial genera (Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, Burkholderia, and Ochrobactrum) can be considered the core community playing the most relevant symbiotic role. Both the fungal and bacterial populations varied significantly during the beetle’s life cycle. While the ascomycete yeasts were the main colonizers of the gallery early on, the Raffaelea and other filamentous fungi appeared after day 10, at the time when larval hatching happened. Regarding bacteria, Stenotrophomonas and Enterobacter dominated overall but decreased in foundresses and brood with age. Finally, inferred analyses of the putative metabolic capabilities of the bacterial microbiome revealed that they are involved in (i) degradation of fungal and plant polymers, (ii) fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and (iii) essential amino acid, cofactor, and vitamin provisioning. Overall, our results suggest that yeasts and bacteria are more strongly involved in supporting the beetle-fungus farming symbiosis than previously thought.Research reported in this publication was supported by CONACyT-FORDECYT number 292399, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under award numbers SAF2015-65878-R and PGC2018-099344-B-I00, cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and from Generalitat Valenciana (project Prometeo/2018/A133). P.H.W.B. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG Emmy Noether grant BI 1956/1-1).Peer reviewe

Entramados emocionales: cuidados, vivencias y redes sociales virtuales

Este volumen explora las emociones a partir de las narrativas y prácticas del cuidado, su relación estrecha y compleja con la vivencia y la experiencia o en sus nexos con las redes virtuales. Los autores, en su estudio, colocan en el centro el análisis del trabajo y regulación emocional de cuidadoras y cuidadores. Dirigido a profesionistas, investigadoras e investigadores, así como estudiantes de las ciencias sociales y humanidades, este libro aborda la virtualidad en las emociones, un ámbito poco explorado por lo que los expertos ensayan propuestas sobre su vinculación con las lógicas mercantiles o sobre el papel del humor virtual en la configuración de la política nacional.ITESO, A.C

Diálogos sobre transdisciplina: los investigadores y su objeto de estudio

A la transdisciplinariedad se le ha definido como “una feliz transgresión de las fronteras entre las disciplinas” y es en este tono en que se presenta esta obra, que recopila las experiencias y reflexiones, las discusiones y propuestas de una veintena de investigadores y académicos que hablan sobre o desde la transdisciplina acerca de los temas de su interés o especialidad. La aproximación se da desde perspectivas académicas diversas y se adereza con expresiones estéticas que van desde la poesía hasta la pintura, a través de las cuales se busca ofrecer un espacio a las rutas posibles y limitaciones connaturales de acceder a la realidad para construir conocimiento “de frontera”, “en las fronteras”. Los abordajes son fruto de la exploración, filiación, encantos y desencantos por parte de los autores con la entidad de su búsqueda, quienes buscan contestar, entre otras, las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Cómo establecer un acercamiento transdisciplinar al objeto de estudio? ¿Qué hace a un objeto de estudio transdisciplinar? ¿Cómo impacta la transdisciplinariedad la identidad del académico? Una obra concebida desde una perspectiva más pedagógica que desde la doxa académica, con el interés de aportar una lectura amena para las reflexiones en torno a la trasgresión de las fronteras disciplinarias.ITESO, A.C

Economic activity and congenital anomalies: An ecologic study in Argentina

In this study, we analyze the association between industrial activity and the occurrence of 34 congenital anomalies. We selected 21 counties in Argentina during 1982-1994 and examined a total of 614,796 births in these counties in consecutive series. We used the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities as an indicator of exposure to 80 specific industrial activities. Incidence rate ratios for each congenital anomaly were adjusted by the socioeconomic level of the county according to a census index of social deprivation. For a given exposure/anomaly association to be considered as significant and relevant, the exposure had to be a statistically significant risk for the occurrence of the anomaly and an increase in the birth prevalence rate of the congenital anomaly type involved had to be observed in those counties where the putative causal activity was being performed. Significant associations (p < 0.01) were identified between textile industry and anencephaly, and between the manufacture of engines and turbines and microcephaly. These observations are consistent with previous reports on occupational exposure, and their further investigation by means of case-control studies is recommended.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Elecciones en Jalisco 2018: hallazgos y consideraciones

Esta obra aborda el análisis del proceso electoral de 2018 en México desde la experiencia multidisciplinaria de académicos, periodistas y personajes que contendieron con un cargo público y, a diferencia de otros estudios que concentran su atención en el escenario nacional, hace énfasis en la interpretación de las particularidades de los sufragios en el estado de Jalisco y de cómo sus efectos incidieron en la realidad inmediata de la ciudadanía. Está dirigido a investigadores, analistas y estudiantes de carreras afines a las ciencias políticas.ITESO, A.C

Pure Membranous Lupus Nephritis: Description of a Cohort of 150 Patients and Review of the Literature

Objectives The course and long-term outcome of pure membranous lupus nephritis (MLN) are little understood. The aims of this study are to evaluate the clinical features, course, outcome and prognostic indicators in pure MLN and to determine the impact of ethnicity and the type of health insurance on the course and prognosis of pure MLN. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 150 patients with pure MLN from Spain and the USA. Results Mean age was 34.2±12.5 and 80% were women. Sixty-eight percent of patients had nephrotic syndrome at diagnosis. The average serum creatinine was 0.98±0.78mg/dl. Six percent of patients died and 5.3% developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ESRD was predicted by male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, high basal 24h-proteinuria, high basal serum creatinine and a low basal creatinine clearance. Age, cardiac insufficiency, peripheral artheriopathy, hemodialysis and not having received mycophenolate mofetil or antimalarials for MLN predicted death. Conclusions Pure MLN frequently presents with nephrotic syndrome, high proteinuria and normal serum creatinine. Its prognosis is favourable in maintaining renal function although proteinuria usually persists over time. Baseline cardiovascular disease and not having a health insurance are related with poor prognosis