Identification of the water stress level in olive trees during pit hardening using the trunk growth rate indicator.

Water scarcity is generating an increasing interest in deficit irrigation scheduling. The trunk diameter fluctuations are daily cycles that have been suggested as tools for irrigation scheduling. The trunk growth rate (TGR) was suggested as the best indicator for olive trees during pit hardening. The aim of this work is to clarify how the TGR could be used to identify water stress levels. The experiment was performed during the 2017 season, in a commercial, super-high-density orchard in Carmona (Seville, Spain). Four different irrigation treatments were performed according to midday stem water potential values and TGR. The data obtained were very variable and both indicators presented a wide range of water status throughout the season. The maximum trunk diameter data clearly showed the pattern of the trees water status but the comparison between treatments and the identification of the water stress level was not possible. The average TGR was linked to the midday stem water potential, but with a minimum amount of data. Irrigation scheduling based on the average TGR was difficult because of the great increases in some daily TGR values. For clarity, the pool of data was grouped by midday stem water potential. These water stress levels were characterized using the weekly frequency of TGR values. The increase of water stress reduced the frequency of values between -0.1 and 0.3mm day-1 from 60% to less than 25%. Moderate water stress levels increased the percentage of values lower than -0.3mm day-1 from 7% to 37%. The most severe water stress conditions increased the TGR values between -0.3 and -0.1mm day-1 from 16% up to 22%.IRNASINSTITUTO DE LA GRASACSI

Novel U-Shaped D-A-D π-conjugated Systems with Mechanochromic Properties: An Experimental and Theoretical Vibrational Spectroscopic Investigation

Π-conjugated compounds have been widely studied in the last few decades due to their huge field of application in organic electronics. Specifically, stimuli-responsive Π-conjugated materials which are sensitive to external stimulus (i.e., temperature, pressure, etc) have several uses like sensors, probes and security inks, for example.1 In this work, we study two U-shape Donor-Acceptor-Donor (D-A-D) systems that are found to exhibit interesting thermal- and pressure-dependent properties. 2 They consist on two different conformers of phenothiazine-dibenzo[a,j]phenazine-phenothiazine which differs from the position of the phenothiazine respect to the dibenzophenzaine central core. Compound 1R is the equatorial-equatorial conformer and 1Y is the axial-axial conformer (Figure 1). The dibenzophenzaine group acts as an electron-acceptor whereas the phenothiazine unit acts as an electron-donor. It has been reported that this U-shape D-A-D compound shows a multi-active color changing in 3 steps and their luminescence changes with temperature, pressure and acid exposition.2 In this work, we aim to elucidate how the external stimuli (i.e. temperature, pressure, acid ambient) affects the molecular structure at both intra- and intermolecular level. To this end, we use UV-Vis absorption, Raman (Figure 1) and Infrared spectroscopy experiments in combination with DFT calculations.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Fractura de piso orbitario en un jugador de béisbol

Presentamos un caso de un paciente, jugador de béisbol que sufrió una fractura de piso orbitario al recibir un golpe directo (blowout) con un bate que se le escapó a otro jugador, esta fractura fue reparada con un bloque de Hidroxiapatita Porosa HAP -200 .Una vez reconstruido el defecto óseo, el paciente volvió a su vida normal y comenzó de nuevo a jugar béisbol, debido a que desaparecieron la diplopía y el enoftalmo, por lo que tuvo una completa rehabilitación estética y funcional. En los exámenes radiográficos postoperatorios se observó una excelente reconstrucción del piso de la orbita y una osteointegegración del material implantológicoWe attend one patient, baseball player that suffer floor orbital fracture when he received hit in his eye (blowout) during practice baseball. He was operating and repaired this fracture with Porous Hidroxyapatite HAP-200.After operation he returned to play baseball because disappear the signs and symptoms (diplopia and enophthalmo).The radiography study showed excellent result after one yea

Hombres y ganados en la tierra del oro: Comienzos de la ganadería en Indias.

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El comercio azucarero de La Española en el siglo XI/I. Presión rnonopolística y alternativas locales.

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El trigo en la ciudad de México. Industria y comercio de un cultivo importado (1521 - 1564)

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Trigo y poblamiento en La Española durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI.

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La ganadería vacuna en la isla Española (1508 - 1587)

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Pruning cuts affect wood necrosis but not the percentage of budburst or shoot development on spur pruned vines for different grapevine varieties

Two experimental studies were performed in this trial. In the first, the aim was to quantify wood necrosis generated by pruning cuts on aboveground permanent (arms and trunks) and non-permanent (spurs) woody structures of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vines. In the second, the goal was to evaluate the effect of cutting distance from the basal end of the shoot in spur pruned vines on budburst and further shoot development for 'Grenache', 'Cabernet Franc' and 'Malbec' varieties. Based upon the first experiment, the area and depth of wood necrosis was highly influenced by the distance where the pruning cut was performed over the node. Furthermore, the diameter of the spur that was cut was not significantly related to either the area or the depth of the necrotic wood generated after the cut. Aboveground vine wood necrotic area ranged from 9 to 44 % of the total wood area measured in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' cordon trained spur pruned 25-year-old grapevines. For each vine a larger proportion of the necrotic wood (20 to 46 % of necrotic area) was present in the arms when compared to the trunks (1 to 28 % of necrotic area). As a result of the second experiment, spur budburst and further shoot development was not affected by the distance from the node where the pruning cut was performed for any of the cultivars considered in the study contrary to what is commonly believed