The Euro System as a Laboratory for Neoliberalism: The Case of Spain

Since the 1970s, neoliberalism has evolved from ideology to political agenda, from political program to public policy, and from public policy to a system that replaces democratic control over economic policy with a system of elite economic management. This process of change has been possible due to the endorsement of a meta-political theory that destroys democracy and legitimizes technocratic despotism, financial deregulation, the debasement of labor into a new proletariat, and the purging of constitutional politics. In this article, we analyze this profound transformation of social and legal relations in the “euro system” and, specifically, in the regressive policies that have emerged from the “crisis” in Spain, a peripheral country of the European Union. The problems in contemporary Europe are a direct consequence of the neoliberal version of European economic unity. Their solution will depend on the capacity of the member states to create a social Europe that strengthens institutional democracy and develops universal systems of social protection. This, in turn, will depend on the ability of citizens to remodel state institutions in accordance with new social goals that place life at the center

Perspectives on human and social capital theories and the role of education: an approach from Mediterranean thought.

Current discussions about education suggest that a transformative pedagogy that goes beyond the acquisition of knowledge and skills is needed. However, there is no agreement as to the inputs needed for a correct development of the educational model. In this sense, we can identify the presence of two different approaches to human and social capital which embody distinct educational worldviews. On the one hand, the ‘Marketable Human Capital’ or ‘Personal Culture’ approach, and on the other hand, the ‘Non-Marketable Human Capital’ or ‘Civic Culture’ approach. The first, which is linked to mainstream economic theory, sees education as any stock of knowledge that contributes to an improvement in the productivity of the worker and individual well-being. The second, which is rooted in the Mediterranean tradition of political thought, highlights the role of civic virtues, reciprocity, and public action within the educational process and its influence on public happiness. In this article, we analyse these connections in order to introduce the eighteenth-century Mediterranean tradition of economic thought into discussions about human and social capital theories and the role of education in them. Focusing on education through these prisms, national and international agendas must be reoriented towards the integral development of people to include broader global debates.Financial support from the Research Program of the Faculty of Economic and Business Administration at the University of Granada (UGR/2018

CAIN-21: Automatic adaptation decisions and extensibility in an MPEG-21 adaptation engine

This paper presents the progress and final state of CAIN-21, an extensible and metadata driven multimedia adaptation in the MPEG-21 framework. CAIN-21 facilitates the integration of pluggable multimedia adaptation tools, automatically chooses the chain of adaptations to perform and manages its execution. To drive the adaptation, it uses the description tools and implied ontology established by MPEG-21. The paper not only describes the evolution and latest version of CAIN-21, but also identifies limitations and ambiguities in the description capabilities of MPEG-21. Therefore, it proposes some extensions to the MPEG-21 description schema for removing these problems. Finally, the pros and cons of CAIN-21 with respect to other multimedia adaptation engines are discussed

[4+2] and [4+3] catalytic cycloadditions of allenes

This feature review describes the development of catalytic [4+2] and [4+3] cycloadditions of allenes, as efficient and practical methodologies for assembling six and seven-membered cyclic systems. The different methodologies have been classified depending on the type of key reactive intermediate that was proposed in the catalytic cycleS

Diseño de una red que permita acceder a los servicios telemáticos, aplicando arquitectura DMZ como seguridad, bajo plataforma LINUX y Virtualización, en radio Fe-Nandaime

La información es el elemento principal a proteger, resguardar y recuperar dentro de las redes empresariales. Por el enorme número de amenazas y riesgos que existen a lo largo del mundo, la infraestructura de red y recursos informáticos de una organización deben estar protegidos bajo un esquema de seguridad que reduzca los niveles de vulnerabilidad y sobre todo que permita una eficiente administración del riesgo

Ruthenium catalysis in biological habitats

Dedicated to Prof. Janine CossyRecent years have witnessed a considerable progress in research aimed at merging transition metal catalysis with chemical and cell biology. Therefore, a crescent number of metal-catalyzed transformations have been shown compatible with biological media and even with living settings. Of the different transition metals used to build these biocompatible catalysts, ruthenium has demonstrated to be particularly powerful, in part because the resulting complexes exhibit a very good balance between reactivity and biological stability. Indeed, ruthenium complexes have demonstrated utility to promote a great variety of reactions in biologically relevant contexts, from deprotection and redox processes to cycloadditions or photocatalytic transformations. Many of these reactions may enable the development of new type of biological tools and pharmacological strategiesPID2020-118579GB−I00; PID2019-108624RB−I00; Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria-Grant Numbers: ED431 C 2021/25, ED431G 2019/03; European Union; Ministerio de Universidades. Grant Number: FPU17/00711S

Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cascade Cycloadditions between Allenamides and Carbonyl‐Tethered Alkenes: An Enantioselective Approach to Oxa‐Bridged Medium‐Sized Carbocycles

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Faustino, H. , Alonso, I. , Mascareñas, J. L. and López, F. (2013), Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cascade Cycloadditions between Allenamides and Carbonyl‐Tethered Alkenes: An Enantioselective Approach to Oxa‐Bridged Medium‐Sized Carbocycles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52: 6526-6530, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201302713. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived VersionsGold standard: Allenamides react with aldehydes or ketones having γ, δ, or ε alkenyl groups, upon activation with suitable gold catalysts, to provide oxa-bridged systems containing seven- to nine-membered carbocycles, in a formal cascade cycloaddition. By using chiral phosphoramidite/gold or bisphosphine/gold catalysts it is possible to obtain the oxa-bridged seven- and eight-membered rings with good to high enantioselectivityThis work was supported by the Spanish MINECO, (SAF2010‐20822‐C02‐01/02, and Consolider‐Ingenio 2010 CSD2007‐00006), ERDF funds, and Xunta de Galicia (INCITE09209084PR, GRC2010/12). H.F. acknowledges the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal) and POPH/FSE for a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/60214/2009)S

Catalytic addition of C–H bonds across C–C unsaturated systems promoted by iridium(i) and its group IX congeners

Transition metal-catalyzed hydrocarbonations of unsaturated substrates have emerged as powerful synthetic tools for increasing molecular complexity in an atom-economical manner. Although this field was traditionally dominated by low valent rhodium and ruthenium catalysts, in recent years, there have been many reports based on the use of iridium complexes. In many cases, these reactions have a different course from those of their rhodium homologs, and even allow performing otherwise inviable transformations. In this review we aim to provide an informative journey, from the early pioneering examples in the field, most of them based on other metals than iridium, to the most recent transformations catalyzed by designed Ir(I) complexes. The review is organized by the type of C–H bond that is activated (with C sp2, sp or sp3), as well as by the C–C unsaturated partner that is used as a hydrocarbonation partner (alkyne, allene or alkene). Importantly, we discuss the mechanistic foundations of the methods highlighting the differences from those previously proposed for processes catalyzed by related metals, particularly those of the same group (Co and Rh)This work received financial support from Spanish grants (SAF2016-76689-R, CTQ2016-77047-P, CTQ2017-84767-P and ORFEO-CINQA network CTQ2016-81797-REDC), the Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria (2015-CP082, ED431C-2017/19 and Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019–2022, ED431G 2019/03), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF corresponding to the multiannual financial framework 2014–2020), and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055). DFF thanks Xunta de Galicia for his postdoctoral fellowship (ED481B-2019-005)S

Allenes and Derivatives in Gold(I)- and Platinum(II)-Catalyzed Formal Cycloadditions

Conspectus Cycloaddition reactions, by involving the formation of at least two bonds and one cycle in a single operation, represent one of the more practical ways to assemble carbo- and heterocyclic structures from simple acyclic precursors. Especially appealing are formal cycloadditions promoted by transition metals, owing to the ability of these reagents to open mechanisms that are not accessible using classical chemistry. Therefore, along the years, a great variety of annulations based on first-, and particularly second-row transition metals have been discovered. Most of these reactions involve inner sphere mechanisms, with the metal participating via standard oxidative addition or reductive elimination processes. Curiously, metals of the third row like platinum and, especially, gold remained largely unexplored, likely because of the belief that they were inert and expensive. However, from the beginning of this century, many groups realized that these metals can open very interesting mechanistic scenarios and promote novel types of transformations. In particular, the π-acidic, carbophilic behavior of gold(I) complexes, together with the possibility of tuning their reactivity using designed ligands, has triggered important activity in the field. Many gold-catalyzed transformations involved addition or cycloisomerization processes, but during recent years, there have been also important advances in the development of formal cycloaddition reactions. While many of these reactions rely on the activation of alkynes, there has been an increasing number of reports that exploit the peculiar reactivities of allenes and derivatives. In this Account, we present recent efforts on the development of platinum- and gold-catalyzed formal cycloadditions of allenes. For the sake of simplicity, we only include annulations initiated by a direct metal-promoted activation of the allene moiety. Thus, alternative Pt- or Au-catalyzed reactions wherein the allene does not interact with the metal catalyst are not covered. Upon activation by the metals, allenes generate allyl-cation alkenylmetal species that can behave as 1,2- or 1,3-carbon dipoles in cycloaddition processes. Especially relevant is the reactivity of allenamides. The presence of the amide substituent provides for the generation of gold intermediates with a good balance of reactivity and stability, which can therefore react with the corresponding partners in a controlled manner. Moreover, despite the difficulties associated with the transfer of stereochemical information from chiral linear gold(I) complexes, a variety of enantioselective gold-catalyzed annulations have been discovered. This Account is organized considering the number of atoms engaged in the annulation process, and when possible, we present the results in a chronological orderFinancial support from the Spanish MINECO (SAF2016-76689-R, CTQ2017-84767-P, FPU fellowship to I.V), the Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2017/19, 2015-CP082, Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 20162019 ED431G/09), the ERDF, and ERC (Adv. Grant No. 340055) is acknowledgedS