Sistema electoral y partidos políticos

Este capítulo se ocupa de aspectos relevantes de los sistemas electorales y de partidos políticos. Partiendo de los antecedentes históricos de la representación política, se examinan los conceptos centrales de los sistemas electorales, su importancia, funcionalidad y modalidades. Además, se revisa la tipología de los sistemas de partidos y la relación que guardan con los sistemas electorales

The concept of power and its representation in television seriality. The case of «House of Cards»

To study how power is configured, this article analyzes the first and second seasons of the TV Series House of Cards. The behavior patterns of the main character, Frank Underwood, were tracked to analyze his foundations, the means used, the scope and the type of power he wields. The theoretical approaches of Dahl (1957) and French and Bertram (1959) were used for constructing a group of categories that served as a guide in the search for index units. Therefore, the methodology is based on units (Barthes, 1970) identified within the dialogues, the iconic composition, and the actions of the character. The results obtained reveal that in the first season argumentation as a means to exercise power predominates, and manipulation predominates in the second season. Also, the media repertoire is much broader in the first season when the main character builds the scenarios to achieve his goals. These findings contribute to the construction of a broader understanding of power and its exercise.En este artículo se analizan la primera y segunda temporadas de la serie televisiva House of Cards con el objetivo de evaluar cómo se configura la categoría de poder. Se realizó un seguimiento de las pautas de comportamiento del personaje principal, Frank Underwood, para analizar cuáles son sus bases, los medios utilizados, el alcance y el tipo de poder que ejerce. Este trabajo se basa en las aproximaciones teóricas de Dahl (1957) y de French y Bertram (1959) para orientar la construcción de un grupo de categorías que sirvieron como guía en la búsqueda de unidades indiciales. La metodología de análisis, por tanto, se sustenta en la identificación de indicios (Barthes, 1970), en los diálogos, composición icónica y acciones del personaje. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que en la primera temporada predomina el uso de la argumentación como medio para ejercer el poder, mientras que en la segunda predomina la manipulación. Asimismo, el repertorio de medios es mucho más amplio en la primera temporada, cuando el personaje principal construye los escenarios para el logro de sus objetivos. Estos hallazgos abonan la construcción de una comprensión más amplia del poder y de su ejercicio

Los mercados tradicionales en México: Escenario futuro de resistencia al desarrollo territorial

A partir de la apertura comercial, y particularmente en México, el comercio y la distribución de alimentos en mercados municipales ha sufrido modificaciones debido al libre mercado y a la entrada de multinacionales, desmantelando la producción agrícola y pecuaria y, con ello, el comercio tradicional. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en plantear un escenario de desarrollo local y regional partiendo de la idea de que los mercados son espacios de resistencia territorial. A partir de la base prospectiva, se realizó un análisis de fuentes secundarias, entrevistas y mesas de trabajo, se esbozó el escenario crítico y posteriormente los escenarios futuribles trasladados a narrativas, generados a partir de actores clave en el sistema alimentario. Los resultados evidencian el carácter de los mercados como espacios de resistencia; no obstante, el escenario futurible basado en la articulación y sinergia entre actores refrenda su papel en la soberanía alimentaria y el desarrollo social y económico

Differential analysis of the perception of abuse in relationships among young people in Mexico

En este estudio nuestra pretensión es la de conocer el grado de victimización sufrida en una muestra de individuos mexicanos de ambos sexos y escolarizados, y analizar en cada uno de los niveles educativos el poder predictivo de las distintas formas de victimización en la pareja, sobre el uso de las etiquetas de maltrato-sentirse maltratado y tener miedo-. Participaron 3495 estudiantes de México escolarizados a quienes les aplicamos el Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios. Los niveles de victimización y la percepción de maltrato son mayores en estudiantes de universidad, en ambos sexos. La percepción de miedo es mayor en las mujeres universitarias y en los varones preuniversitarios. Es importante destacar el número de jóvenes que declaran no sentirse maltratados ni tener miedo, pues eso dificultará su disposición para finalizar la relación sentimental.This study aims to determine the degree of victimization experienced among a sample of both female and male Mexican young people that are studying in school. At each educational level the research analyzes the predictive power of different forms of victimization among couples regarding the two main components of abuse - feeling that they are being mistreated and fear-. 3,495 Mexican young people that were active students at the time completed the Dating Violence Questionnaire. The levels of victimization and perceptions of abuse are higher among university students in both sexes. The perception of fear is highest in female university students and male students that are in the final year of high school. Notably the study found that the number of young people that stated that they didn’t feel mistreated or felt fear, as this will hinder their disposition to end the relationship.Aecid AP/035718/11Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad SUBMINMU012/00

Confiabilidad y validez de un instrumento que mide percepciones de sexualidad / Reliability and validity of an instrument that measures perceptions of sexuality

Las redes sociales han alcanzado un protagonismo sin precedentes en la vida cotidiana de los jóvenes. Se estima que los usuarios dedican en promedio 3 horas a la revisión de sus páginas personales y las de sus contactos. En este sentido, temas tales como la sexualidad, salud reproductiva, embarazo y aborto inducido son centrales en la agenda de los usuarios debido al acceso de información y acumulación de la misma. A partir de estos datos, se realizó un estudio exploratorio y transversal con una selección no probabilística de 215 estudiantes de una universidad pública. Se propuso una teoría para explicar la participación de los jóvenes en Internet y se especificaron ocho dimensiones para anticipar escenarios de redes sociales en torno a la discusión de la legalidad del aborto. Los resultados muestran que la acumulación de información es el factor indicativo de la participación reproductiva en las redes sociales (β = 0,49) mientras que los parámetros de ajuste siguieren la aceptación de las relaciones especificadas [χ2 = 24,13 (24 gl) p = 0,000; GFI = 0,975; RMR = 0,003]. En referencia al estado del conocimiento, los aportes del presente trabajo fueron discutidos a fin de recomendar otras investigaciones y ajustar los límites a políticas de salud reproductiva.   Social networking has achieved unprecedented prominence in the daily lives of young people. It is estimated that users spend on average three hours to review their personal pages and their contacts. In this regard, issues such as sexuality, reproductive health, pregnancy and induced abortion are central to the agenda of the users due to access information and build it. From these data, an exploratory cross-sectional study with a nonrandom selection of 215 students at a public university was performed. A theory was proposed to explain the participation of young people on the Internet and eight dimensions were specified scenarios to anticipate social networks around the discussion of the legality of abortion. The results show that the accumulation of information is the indicative factor of reproductive participation in social networks (β = 0.49) while setting parameters acceptance of the specified ratios [χ2 = 24.13 (24 df) p = 0.000; GFI = 0.975; RMR = 0.003]. Referring to the state of knowledge, the contributions of this study were discussed in order to recommend further research and set limits to reproductive health policies

Manejo de la inmunosupresión en pacientes trasplantados de riñón con COVID19. Estudio multicéntrico nacional derivado del registro COVID de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología

Introduction: SARS CoV2 infection has had a major impact on renal transplant patients with a high mortality in the first months of the pandemic. Intentional reduction of immunosuppressive therapy has been postulated as one of the cornerstone in the management of the infection in the absence of targeted antiviral treatment. This has been modified according to the patient`s clinical situation and its effect on renal function or anti-HLA antibodies in the medium term has not been evaluated.Objectives: Evaluate the management of immunosuppressive therapy made during SARS-CoV2 infection, as well as renal function and anti-HLA antibodies in kidney transplant patients 6 months after COVID19 diagnosis.Material and methods: Retrospective, national multicentre, retrospective study (30 centres) of kidney transplant recipients with COVID19 from 01/02/20 to 31/12/20. Clinical variables were collected from medical records and included in an anonymised database. SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis.Results: renal transplant recipients with COVID19 were included (62.6% male), with a mean age of 57.5 years. The predominant immunosuppressive treatment prior to COVID19 was triple therapy with prednisone, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid (54.6%) followed by m-TOR inhibitor regimens (18.6%). After diagnosis of infection, mycophenolic acid was discontinued in 73.8% of patients, m-TOR inhibitor in 41.4%, tacrolimus in 10.5% and cyclosporin A in 10%. In turn, 26.9% received dexamethasone and 50.9% were started on or had their baseline prednisone dose increased. Mean creatinine before diagnosis of COVID19, at diagnosis and at 6 months was: 1.7 +/- 0.8, 2.1 +/- 1.2 and 1.8 +/- 1 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.001). 56.9% of the patients (N = 350) were monitored for anti-HLA antibodies. 94% (N = 329) had no anti-HLA changes, while 6% (N = 21) had positive anti-HLA antibodies. Among the patients with donor-specific antibodies post-COVID19 (N = 9), 7 patients (3.1%) had one immunosuppressant discontinued (5 patients had mycophenolic acid and 2 had tacrolimus), 1 patient had both immunosuppressants discontinued (3.4%) and 1 patient had no change in immunosuppression (1.1%), these differences were not significant.Conclusions: The management of immunosuppressive therapy after diagnosis of COVID19 was primarily based on discontinuation of mycophenolic acid with very discrete reductions or discontinuations of calcineurin inhibitors. This immunosuppression management did not influence renal function or changes in anti-HLA antibodies 6 months after diagnosis

Circulating tumor cells for the staging of patients with newly diagnosed transplant-eligible multiple myeloma

[Purpose]: Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) may show patchy bone marrow (BM) infiltration and extramedullary disease. Notwithstanding, quantification of plasma cells (PCs) continues to be performed in BM since the clinical translation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) remains undefined. [Patients and methods]: CTCs were measured in peripheral blood (PB) of 374 patients with newly diagnosed MM enrolled in the GEM2012MENOS65 and GEM2014MAIN trials. Treatment included bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone induction followed by autologous transplant, consolidation, and maintenance. Next-generation flow cytometry was used to evaluate CTCs in PB at diagnosis and measurable residual disease (MRD) in BM throughout treatment. [Results]: CTCs were detected in 92% (344 of 374) of patients with newly diagnosed MM. The correlation between the percentages of CTCs and BM PCs was modest. Increasing logarithmic percentages of CTCs were associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS). A cutoff of 0.01% CTCs showed an independent prognostic value (hazard ratio: 2.02; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.1; P = .001) in multivariable PFS analysis including the International Staging System, lactate dehydrogenase levels, and cytogenetics. The combination of the four prognostic factors significantly improved risk stratification. Outcomes according to the percentage of CTCs and depth of response to treatment showed that patients with undetectable CTCs had exceptional PFS regardless of complete remission and MRD status. In all other cases with detectable CTCs, only achieving MRD negativity (and not complete remission) demonstrated a statistically significant increase in PFS. [Conclusion]: Evaluation of CTCs in PB outperformed quantification of BM PCs. The detection of ≥ 0.01% CTCs could be a new risk factor in novel staging systems for patients with transplant-eligible MM.Supported by grants from the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Área de Oncología—del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERONC; CB16/12/00369, CB16/12/00400, and CB16/12/00284); Instituto de Salud Carlos III/Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS No. PI19/01451, PI20/00048, and PI21/01816); the Cancer Research UK (C355/A26819); FCAECC and AIRC under the Accelerator Award Program (EDITOR); the ISCIII and FEDER foundations (AC17/00101) together with FCAECC for iMMunocell Transcan-2; the European Research Council (ERC) 2015 Starting Grant (MYELOMANEXT/680200); the CRIS Cancer Foundation (PR_EX_2020-02), the Leukemia Lymphoma Society, the Black Swan Research Initiative of the International Myeloma Foundation; and the Riney Family Multiple Myeloma Research Program Fund

Influencia de la alimentación y el estilo de vida en el estrés oxidativo

Cuando se comenzó con el proyecto de estrés oxidativo, 2012-2013, no había en nuestra región estudios sobre estrés oxidativo en humanos y su relación con el consumo de alimentos, comparando grupos omnívoros, ovo lacto vegetarianos y vegetarianos estrictos y el estilo de vida. Por ello el objetivo fue determinar la influencia de la alimentación y el estilo de vida en el estrés oxidativo. Para lograr lo propuesto se seleccionaron personas cuyas edades están comprendidas entre 18 años y 65 años, de ambos sexos, cuya dieta sea omnívora, ovo lácteo vegetariana y vegetariana estricta, a las cuales se les realizan estudios antropométricos, nutricionales, psicológicos, bioquímicos y encuestas de estilo de vida, que tienen en cuenta factores externos tales como sedentarismo, tabaquismo, edad, estados fisiológicos, entre otros. Respecto a las encuestas psicológicas se pasó de un test a tres pruebas que son más representativas del estado de stress psicológico de la persona al momento de realizar el análisis. De cada participante se obtienen 57 datos que se relacionan con el programa estadístico SPSS. Hasta el presente se han evaluado 120 participantes

Associations of hypomagnesemia in patients seeking a first treatment of alcohol use disorder

Introduction: Hypomagnesemia (hypoMg) has not yet been extensively studied in alcohol use disorder (AUD) . We hypothesize that chronic, excessive alcohol consumption favors oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory alterations that may be exacerbated by hypoMg. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and associations of hypoMg in AUD.Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study in patients admitted for a first treatment of AUD in six tertiary centers between 2013 and 2020. Socio-demographic, alcohol use characteristics, and blood parameters were ascertained at admission.Results: 753 patients (71% men) were eligible; age at admission was 48 years [IQR, 41-56 years]. Prevalence of hypoMg was 11.2%, higher than that observed for hypocalcemia (9.3%), hyponatremia (5.6%), and hypokalemia (2.8%). HypoMg was associated with older age, longer duration of AUD, anemia, higher erythrocyte sedimen-tation rate, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose levels, advanced liver fibrosis (FIB-4 >= 3.25) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min. In multivariate analysis, advanced liver fibrosis (OR, 8.91; 95% CI, 3.3-23.9) and eGFR < 60 mL (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.0-26.2) were the only factors associated with hypoMg.Conclusions: Mg deficiency in AUD is associated with liver damage and glomerular dysfunction suggesting that both comorbidities should be assessed in the course of serum hypoMg