Violencia, neoplatonismo y aristotelismo en “La Aurora en Copacabana”

En este ensayo estudio las diferentes formas en que se manifiesta la violencia en “La Aurora en Copacabana” de Calderón y su relación con dos visiones del mundo que están en conflicto durante todo el siglo XVII: la neoplatónica, personificada en la figura de Yupangui y la aristotélica, trazada en específicos momentos de la primera jornada y, sobre todo, en la tercera. Expongo cómo el intento de sacrificio de Guacolda, la violencia del lenguaje (incomunicación entre indios y españoles) y el desplazamiento de los nombres de los protagonistas por nombres españoles (Yupangui y Guacolda cambian sus nombres por Francisco y María) forman el hilo conductor y el marco en donde se produce el conflicto entre la visión aristotélica y neoplatónica de la representación. Aunque Calderón parece decantarse por el neoplatonismo (para favorecer el tema de la fe cristiana), sin embargo, la misma representación de la violencia en ésta y otras obras como el “Médico de su honra” o “El pintor de su deshonra” plantea un conflicto continuo por la búsqueda de la perfección a través de las relaciones humanas y de la representación dramática

Near-infrared supercontinuum source by intracavity silica-based highly-nonlinear fiber

Near-infrared supercontinuum generation by using silica-based highly-nonlinear fiber placed inside of the ring-cavity of an erbium-doped fiber laser pulsed by mode-locking is experimentally demonstrated. Only one erbium-doped fiber amplifier is employed to generate supercontinuum with a spectral width as long as 830 nm (from 1205 to 2035 nm) and a spectral power higher than -30 dBm/nm. To generate supercontinuum, it is not necessary a second amplifier to raise the power of the laser pulses coupled into the nonlinear fiber. Moreover, all the devices employed are commercial and available at any photonics laboratory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of this kind of device by pumping the nonlinear fiber in the third window of communications

Social investment in Spain: How do solidarity mutual funds decide the allocation of solidarity funding between social economy organizations?

Solidarity mutual funds (SMFs) are a financial product oriented toward funding social economy organizations (SEOs). The main characteristic of these mutual funds, known in other countries as social investment, is that part of their management fees is allocated to support SEOs. In Spain, the criteria used in the allocation process of these funds have not been studied. The aim of this paper is to analyze the decision model of SMFs. To this end, we developed a logit regression model. The obtained results show that the decision model of SMFs promotes the development of commercial activity and favors a specific ideology and values and an exclusive relationship with the main funders

Genotypic variability in radial resistance to water flow in olive roots and its response to temperature variations

As radial root resistance (Rp) represents one of the key components of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum resistance catena modulating water transport, understanding its control is essential for physiologists, modelers and breeders. Reports of Rp, however, are still scarce and scattered in the scientific literature. In this study, we assessed genetic variability in Rp and its dependence on temperature in five widely used olive cultivars. In a first experiment, cultivar differences in Rp at 25 °C were evaluated from flow–pressure measurements in excised roots and subsequent analysis of root traits. In a second experiment, similar determinations were performed continually over a 5-h period in which temperature was gradually increased from 12 to 32 °C, enabling the assessment of Rp response to changing temperature. Despite some variability, our results did not show statistical differences in Rp among cultivars in the first experiment. In the second, cultivar differences in Rp were not significant at 12 °C, but they became so as temperature increased. Furthermore, the changes in Rp between 12 and 32 °C were higher than those expected by the temperature-driven decrease in water viscosity, with the degree of that change differing among cultivars. Also, Rp at 25 °C reached momentarily in the second experiment was consistently higher than in the first at that same, but fixed, temperature. Overall, our results suggest that there is limited variability in Rp among the studied cultivars when plants have been exposed to a given temperature for sufficient time. Temperature-induced variation in Rp might thus be partly explained by changes in membrane permeability that occur slowly, which explains why our values at 25 °C differed between experiments. The observed cultivar differences in Rp with warming also indicate faster acclimation of Rp to temperature changes in some cultivars than others.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Simulation to recover niobium and tantalum from the tin slags of the old penouta mine: A case study

Demand for niobium and tantalum is increasing exponentially as these are essential ingre-dients for the manufacture of, among others, capacitors in technological devices and ferroniobium. Mine tailings rich in such elements could constitute an important source of Nb and Ta in the future and alleviate potential supply risks. This paper evaluates the possibility of recovering niobium and tantalum from the slags generated during the tin beneficiation process of mine tailings from the old Penouta mine, located in Spain. To do so, a simulation of the processes required to bene-ficiate and refine both elements is carried out. After carbothermic tin reduction, the slags are sent to a hydrometallurgical process where niobium oxide and tantalum oxide are obtained at the end. Reagents, water, and energy consumption, in addition to emissions, effluents, and product yields, are assessed. Certain factors were identified as critical, and recirculation was encouraged in the model to maximise production and minimise reagents’ use and wastes. With this simulation, considering 3000 production hours per year, the metal output from the tailings of the old mine could cover around 1% and 7.4% of the world annual Nb and Ta demand, respectively. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

The influence of headform/helmet friction on head impact biomechanics in oblique impacts at different tangential velocities

Oblique impacts of the helmet against the ground are the most frequent scenarios in real-world motorcycle crashes. The combination of two factors that largely affect the results of oblique impact tests are discussed in this work. This study aims to quantify the effect of the friction at the interface between the headform and the interior of a motorcycle helmet at different magnitudes of tangential velocity. The helmeted headform, with low friction and high friction surface of the headform, was dropped against three oblique anvils at different impact velocities resulting in three different magnitudes of the tangential velocity (3.27 m/s, 5.66 m/s, 8.08 m/s) with the same normal component of the impact velocity (5.66 m/s). Three impact directions (front, left-side and right-side) and three repetitions per impact condition were tested resulting in 54 impacts. Tangential velocity variation showed little effect on the linear acceleration results. On the contrary, the rotational results showed that the effect of the headform’s surface depends on the magnitude of the tangential velocity and on the impact direction. These results indicate that a combination of low friction with low tangential velocities may result into underprediction of the rotational headform variables that would not be representative of real-world conditions. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Flood Risk in a Heritage City: Alzira as a Case Study

[EN] Floods are natural hazards which have damaged cities and their architectural heritage over the centuries. The heritage town of Alzira (Valencia, Spain) is a major case study for the assessment of flood risk in architectural heritage. Alzira was founded by the Al-Andalus Moors on a river island within a bend of the river Jucar, which has overflowed more than 80 times during its history. The main aim of this work is to analyse the vulnerability to floods of the town's architectural heritage, especially that of earthen architecture, a constructive tradition of which several examples can be found in the town. The proposed methodology attempts to calculate the vulnerability of the earthen architecture through the evaluation and weighting of extrinsic and intrinsic parameters. This makes it possible to identify the constructive characteristics and material weathering which worsen the behaviour of structures during floods. Maximum vulnerability values have been obtained for poorly conserved constructions without cladding. Results highlight the importance of ascertaining suitable strategies for the prevention and mitigation of risk as future lines of research. The vulnerability assessment methodology presented in this study could be applied to other case studies in other sites with architectural heritage under threat from floods.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, grant number RTI2018-095302-B-I00.Trizio, F.; Torrijo, F.; Mileto, C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F. (2021). Flood Risk in a Heritage City: Alzira as a Case Study. Water. 13(9):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091138S11713

El desempeño en matemáticas y la producción de los indicadores educativos IDEB (Brasil) y PED (España): un análisis comparativo

Brasil y España para medir la calidad de su Educación Básica toman datos a partir de dos evaluaciones realizadas a alumnos en niveles de enseñanza cuyas edades corresponden aproximadamente a los 10 y a los 14 años. Como los años de escolaridad evaluados y la estructura de las pruebas aplicadas son semejantes, esto nos permite abordar un estudio comparativo de los instrumentos empleados. Si para el caso brasileño en la elaboración del IDEB (índice de desarrollo de la educación básica) intervienen las pruebas en Matemáticas, Lenguaje y el coeficiente de repetición escolar. En el PED (pruebas de evaluación diagnóstica) en el caso español, estas variables también intervienen, además de otras como evaluación en Ciencias, lengua extranjera, etc. En este trabajo nos concentraremos en comparar el desempeño en matemáticas de los escolares del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), con el agregado español formado por Andalucía y Extremadura, pues sus poblaciones escolares son similares. Además de esto, será analizada la percepción social de los resultados alcanzados y su influencia en las prácticas curriculares que son implementadas. De la misma forma se reflexiona sobre la transparencia con la que Brasil ofrece acceso a todas los resultados de su proceso evaluativo

A method for checking the quality of geographic metadata based on ISO 19157

With recent advances in remote sensing, location-based services and other related technologies, the production of geospatial information has exponentially increased in the last decades. Furthermore, to facilitate discovery and efficient access to such information, spatial data infrastructures were promoted and standardized, with a consideration that metadata are essential to describing data and services. Standardization bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization have defined well-known metadata models such as ISO 19115. However, current metadata assets exhibit heterogeneous quality levels because they are created by different producers with different perspectives. To address quality-related concerns, several initiatives attempted to define a common framework and test the suitability of metadata through automatic controls. Nevertheless, these controls are focused on interoperability by testing the format of metadata and a set of controlled elements. In this paper, we propose a methodology of testing the quality of metadata by considering aspects other than interoperability. The proposal adapts ISO 19157 to the metadata case and has been applied to a corpus of the Spanish Spatial Data Infrastructure. The results demonstrate that our quality check helps determine different types of errors for all metadata elements and can be almost completely automated to enhance the significance of metadata