Adverse outcome pathways – development and potential regulatory application

Introduction: Over the last two decades, chemical safety assessment and regulatory toxicology have progressed from empirical science based on direct observation of apical adverse outcomes in whole organisms to a predictive practice that infers outcomes and risks on the basis of accumulated understanding of toxicological mechanisms and modes of action. Objective: To provide general  concepts on how Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) are developed and examples related to skin sensitization, endocrine, disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Method: Narrative review based on data of the scientific literature relevant to the theme addressed and on the experience of the authors. Results: An AOP framework provides a systematic approach to organize knowledge about mechanisms of toxicity that may inform analytical domains in regulatory decision-making. AOPs are open structures that may indicate not only data gaps in the understanding of a toxicity process, but also testing procedures that will generate the necessary knowledge to fill those gaps. Every AOP should be continuously refined through the collaborative efforts of the scientific community. Depending on the amount and detail of information that is successively inserted, AOP may progress from the stage of a putative AOP to the stages of qualitative and quantitative AOPs, which are more fit-for-purpose to support regulatory decision-making. Conclusions: Continuous collaboration between AOP developers within the scientific community and the  regulatory corps toward the development of this mechanistic structure will support the advancement of toxicological sciences, regardless of its immediate application for regulatory purposes.TÍTULO PT: Vias de desfecho adverso – desenvolvimento e potencial aplicação regulatória Introdução: Durante as duas últimas décadas, a avaliação da segurança química e a toxicologia regulatória evoluíram de uma ciência empírica em grande parte baseada na observação de desfechos adversos em órgãos e ou organismos inteiros para uma prática preditiva que infere desfechos e riscos a partir do conhecimento acumulado sobre mecanismos e modos de ação toxicológicos. Objetivo: Discorrer sobre como as AOPs são desenvolvidas e fornecer exemplos relacionados à sensibilização cutânea, desregulação endócrina e disfunção mitocondrial. Método: Revisão narrativa baseada em dados da literatura científica relevantes para o tema abordado e na experiência dos autores. Resultados: A estrutura conceitual denominada AOP (do inglês, Adverse Outcome Pathway) permite uma abordagem sistemática do conhecimento disponível sobre mecanismos de toxicidade que pode subsidiar a tomada de decisões regulatórias. AOPs são estruturas abertas que podem indicar lacunas de dados para a compreensão de determinada via patogenética de toxicidade, de modo que podem ser continuamente aperfeiçoadas por esforços da comunidade científica. Dependendo das informações sucessivamente inseridas, as AOPs podem passar do estágio de uma AOP hipotética para os estágios de AOP qualitativa e AOP quantitativa, sendo este último o mais adequado para subsidiar decisões regulatórias. Conclusões: A colaboração contínua entre os desenvolvedores de AOPs dentro da comunidade científica e os corpos regulatórios para o desenvolvimento dessa estrutura mecanicista apoiará o avanço das ciências toxicológicas, independente de sua aplicação imediata para fins normativos.

Zero Waste na indústria do vestuário: limitações e alternativas

Zero Waste approach applied to garment manufacturing promises the elimination of textile waste in the production process, with actions towards sustainability. In this perspective, this article identifies critical aspects and limitations of the design and the pattern making process using Zero Waste approach, aiming its application in the garment industry, with large-scale production. The study initiates with zero waste bibliography research and theoretical and experimental analysis of the proposals of the fashion designers who use Zero Waste approach to garment design and pattern making. As results, the article presents critical aspects and limitations of the approach, and discuss viable alternatives for its implementation in the large-scale garment manufacturing process.Zero Waste approach applied to garment manufacturing promises the elimination of textile waste in the production process, with actions towards sustainability. In this perspective, this article identifies critical aspects and limitations of the design and the pattern making process using Zero Waste approach, aiming its application in the garment industry, with large-scale production. The study initiates with zero waste bibliography research and theoretical and experimental analysis of the proposals of the fashion designers who use Zero Waste approach to garment design and pattern making. As results, the article presents critical aspects and limitations of the approach, and discuss viable alternatives for its implementation in the large-scale garment manufacturing process.Zero Waste approach applied to garment manufacturing promises the elimination of textile waste in the production process, with actions towards sustainability. In this perspective, this article identifies critical aspects and limitations of the design and the pattern making process using Zero Waste approach, aiming its application in the garment industry, with large-scale production. The study initiates with zero waste bibliography research and theoretical and experimental analysis of the proposals of the fashion designers who use Zero Waste approach to garment design and pattern making. As results, the article presents critical aspects and limitations of the approach, and discuss viable alternatives for its implementation in the large-scale garment manufacturing process.A abordagem Zero Waste (ou zero resíduo), aplicada à produção do vestuário, promete a eliminação dos descartes têxteis durante o processo produtivo, promovendo ações em direção à sustentabilidade. Dentro dessa perspectiva, o presente artigo busca identificar aspectos críticos e limitações do processo de criação e modelagem usando a abordagem Zero Waste, para sua aplicação na indústria do vestuário, na produção em larga escala. Para tanto, a pesquisa partiu de bibliografia relacionada ao tema e do estudo teórico e experimental das propostas dos principais designers do vestuário que utilizam as técnicas de criação e modelagem com a abordagem Zero Waste e, como resultado, o artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre os aspectos limitantes e alternativas viáveis para sua implementação no processo produtivo de confecção de vestuário em larga escala

CORRELATION OF ISOKINETIC KNEE AND TRUNK MUSCULAR STRENGTH WITH BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

Soccer is an effective load activity to increase bone mineral content. It remains unknown if this activity induces strength alterations in knee and trunk concomitant with bone in female players. The aim of this study was to assess the possible correlation between knee and trunk muscle strength and bone values in female junior soccer players

Estudo sobre a prevalência de maus tratos físicos na cidade de Canoas (RS)

Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional na cidade de Canoas (RS) com o intuito de conhecer aprevalência de maltrato físico e sua relação com variáveis demográficas. Os resultados revelaram umaprevalência de 9,7% de maus-tratos físicos, sendo que 24,1% ocorreu com idade entre 0-9 anos, 33,3%entre 10-19 anos, 34,6% entre 20-39 anos. Há um predomínio de pessoas do sexo feminino (67,4%), quevive com companheiro (63,0%), sendo que a maior parte apresenta uma renda familiar de 7 ou maissalários mínimos (49,0%) e primeiro grau de escolaridade (70,0%). Verificou-se uma associação (p0,05)com sexo, numa proporção ao redor de 2:1, com menor escolaridade e com história de separação matrimonial(3:1). Os dados apontam para uma alta freqüência de maltrato na população e a necessidade deintervenções preventivas.Palavras-chave: maus tratos, prevalência, violência

Leaf carbohydrates during flowering and early growth stages of fruitlets in 'Ponkan' mandarin tree

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de carboidratos foliares em tangerineira 'Ponkan' (Citrus reticulata), durante o pleno florescimento e os estádios iniciais de crescimento dos frutilhos, e identificar a melhor época para realização do raleio químico. O experimento foi realizado durante dois anos de produção (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), com quatro épocas de amostragem de folhas: 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o pleno florescimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Para determinar a utilização dos carboidratos pelas plantas, foram avaliados os teores de açúcares solúveis, açúcares redutores e amido na matéria seca das folhas. Nas mesmas épocas de amostragem foliar, o tamanho dos frutilhos também foi determinado. Os teores foliares de carboidratos solúveis aumentam e os de amido diminuem entre 35 e 50 dias após o pleno florescimento. No final da fase de fixação dos frutilhos, a partir dos 50 dias após o pleno florescimento, os teores de açúcares solúveis nas folhas diminuem. A melhor época para a realização do raleio químico em tangerineira 'Ponkan' é logo após a fase de queda fisiológica, quando os frutilhos atingirem cerca de 18 mm de diâmetro, aos 50 dias após o pleno florescimento.The objective of this work was to evaluate the levels of carbohydrates in the leaves of 'Ponkan' mandarin tree (Citrus reticulata), during full flowering and early growth stages of fruitlets, and to identify the best time to perform chemical thinning. The experiment was carried out for two production years (2009/2010 and 2010/2011), with four sampling times of leaves: 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after full flowering. A randomized complete block design, split‑plotted in time with four replicates and four plants per plot, was used. To determine the use of carbohydrates by plants, the contents of soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch in the dry matter of leaves were evaluated. At the same leaf sampling times, fruitlet size was also determined. Leaf contents of soluble carbohydrates increase and the ones of starch decrease between 35 and 50 days after full flowering. At the end of the fruit setting phase, from the 50th day after full flowering, the contents of soluble sugars in leaves reduce. The best time to perform chemical thinning in 'Ponkan' mandarin tree is soon after the physiological drop phase, when the fruitlets reach around 18 mm, at the 50th day after full flowering

Gastroprotective potential of frutalin, a d-galactose binding lectin, against ethanol-induced gastric lesions

AbstractThe present study was designed to verify whether frutalin (FTL) affords gastroprotection against the ethanol-induced gastric damage and to examine the underlying mechanism(s). Gastric damage was induced by intragastric administration of 0.2ml of ethanol (96%). Mice in groups were pretreated with FTL (0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/kg; i.p.), cimetidine (100mg/kg; p.o.), or vehicle (0.9% of NaCl, 10mL/kg; p.o.), 30min before ethanol administration. They were sacrificed 30min later, the stomachs excised, and the mucosal lesion area (mm2) measured by planimetry. Gastroprotection was assessed in relation to inhibition of gastric lesion area. To study the gastroprotective mechanism(s), its relations to capsaicin-sensitive fibers, endogenous prostaglandins, nitric oxide, sulphydryls, ATP-sensitive potassium channels, adrenoceptors, opioid receptors and calcium channels were analyzed. Treatments effects on ethanol-associated oxidative stress markers GSH and MDA were measured in gastric tissue. FTL afforded a dose-unrelated gastroprotection against the ethanol damage. However, it failed to prevent the ethanol-induced changes in the levels of GSH and MDA. It was observed that the gastroprotection by FTL was greatly reduced in animals pretreated with capsazepine, indomethacin, L-NAME or glibenclamide. Considering the results, it is suggested that the FTL could probably be a good therapeutic agent for the development of new medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcer

AVALIAÇÃO DO NOVO PROTOCOLO DE EXTUBAÇÃO EM PACIENTE SUBMETIDO À CIRURGIA CARDÍACA

oai:ojs2.scientiageneralis.com.br:article/2The efficacy in the protocol of ventilatory weaning in patients submitted to cardiac surgical correction, uses clinical signs and symptoms for success. Using protocols and experiments in certain treatment centers, the failure of extubation has occurred on a large scale on average 24% of patients. Due to major failure, various indices and parameters are used to know the best time or time for extubation. These determine the differences in the physiological functions of the respiratory, cardiac and neurological system which allows the identification of the exact moment when the patient will be able to assume and maintain his adequate ventilation, avoiding the reintubation or even the prolonged ventilation associated with complications. There is no way to determine a single strategy or specific protocol for weaning of the ventilatory prosthesis in the population of the immediate postoperative patient of cardiac surgery, at the moment there is no study that proves the efficacy of one protocol in relation to another. Due to these failures, a specific protocol was implanted for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, which evaluates index and parameters in the immediate postoperative period, these are used to know the best time or moment for extubation. It is believed that we can influence the rate of failure in ventilatory weaning, in which the patient will spend a shorter time on mechanical ventilation, reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases associated with mechanical ventilation, less time to use sedatives and an improvement in the quality of life , with beneficial consequences the patient returns his daily life activities as early as possible.A eficácia no protocolo de desmame ventilatório em pacientes submetidos à correção cirúrgica cardíaca, utiliza sinais e sintomas clínicos para o sucesso. Utilizando-se de protocolos e experiências em determinados centros de tratamento, o insucesso da extubação tem ocorrido em grande escala em média 24% dos pacientes. Devido a grande falha, vários índices e parâmetros são utilizados para saber qual o melhor tempo ou momento paraextubação. Estes determinam as diferenças nas funções fisiológicas do sistema respiratório, cardíaco e neurológico o qual permite a identificação do exato momento em que o paciente estará apto para assumir e manter a sua ventilação adequada, evitando a reintubação ou ate mesmo a ventilação por tempo prolongado associado com suas complicações. Não há como determinar uma única estratégia ou protocolo especifico de desmame da prótese ventilatória na população de paciente pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca, no momento não há estudo que comprove a eficácia de um protocolo em relação a outro. Devido essas falhasfoi implantado um protocolo especifico para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cárdica, o qual avalia índice e parâmetros no pós-operatório imediato,estes são utilizados para saber qual o melhor tempo ou momento paraextubação.Acredita-se que possamos influência no índice de falha no desmame ventilatório, no qual o paciente permanecera um menor tempo na ventilação mecânica, diminuindo a incidência de doenças respiratória associadas à ventilação mecânica, menor tempo de uso de sedativos e uma melhora na qualidade de vida, com consequências benéficas o paciente retorne suas atividades de vida diária o mais precoce possível

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ