112 research outputs found

    Corruption as a field of economics: Experimental approach and design

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    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: This thesis has three main objectives. To provide a thorough review of the theoretical foundation of corruption in economics, introduce the methodologies and their main results and lastly design an economic corruption experiment addressing mechanics and importance of reciprocity for individuals in comparison to other moral costs of corruption. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: Theoretical foundation reviewed in the thesis comprises of both theoretical and practical aspects of corruption. Theoretical part includes definitions and main categories of corruption while the practical part introduces the real world mechanics of corruption and the challenge they pose for development of a unified theory of corruption and anticorruption policies. METHODOLOGIES: While this thesis introduces all five main approaches to corruption research in economics; perception indices, surveys, observation and lab and field experiments, special emphasis is placed on the latter two that comprise the experimental approaches of corruption research. The experimental approach is shown to have revolutionized an otherwise stagnant field of economics and holds great promise as a research tool for the notoriously difficult research subject of corruption. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: This thesis provides a complete design, motivation and theoretical foundation for an experiment of the corrupting effects of reciprocity in bribery. As reciprocity is identified to be the key mechanic of bribery, this experiment intends to examine and value the effects of reciprocity on individual's decision making as a source of implicit bribery

    Perinnöllisen gelsoliiniamyloidoosin proteiiniekspression poikkeavuudet ja amyloidin muodostuksen estÀminen

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    Suomalaisen perinnöllisen gelsoliiniamyloidoosin syntymekanismit ovat vielÀ epÀselviÀ. TÀssÀ tutkimuksessa pyrittiin selvittÀmÀÀn, mitkÀ muut syyt voisivat johtaa gelsoliiniamyloidoosissa ilmenevien oireiden syntyyn amyloidisÀikeiden muodostumisen lisÀksi. Potilaasta eristettyjÀ sileÀlihassoluja kasvatettiin ja niistÀ eristettiin proteiinit. NÀiden solujen proteiiniekspressiota verrattiin kontrollisileÀlihassolujen proteiiniekspressioon. Ekspressio erot selvitettiin SDS-PAGE-analyysillÀ ja Coomassie-vÀrjÀyksellÀ sekÀ anti-FAF-, alfa-aktiini- ja beeta-aktiini-vasta-ainevÀrjÀyksillÀ. Proteiinit tunnistettiin massaspektrometrillÀ. TÀssÀ tutkimuksessa tunnistetut kaikki viisi proteiinia (alfa-aktiini, anneksiini A1, anneksiini A2, anneksiini V ja vimentiini), joiden ekspressiot erosivat gelsoliiniamyloidoosia sairastavan potilaan- ja kontrolli-sileÀlihassolujen vÀlillÀ, ovat yhteyksissÀ solun tukirankaan ja erityisesti aktiinisÀikeiden muokkaukseen. LisÀksi solut vÀrjÀtiin alfa-aktiinivasta-aineella. Aktiinitukiranka oli rikkonainen verrattuna kontrollisolujen aktiinitukirankaan. TÀmÀn tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan siis olettaa gelsoliiniamyloidoosin oireiden johtuvan amyloidin kertymisen lisÀksi viallisesta aktiinitukirangan homeostasiasta. Amyloidin muodostuminen on kuitenkin yksi tÀrkeimmistÀ oireiden syistÀ. Koska gelsoliiniamyloidoosiin ei ole vielÀ olemassa spesifistÀ hoitoa, olisi sellainen tÀrkeÀÀ löytÀÀ. Siksi tÀssÀ tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ryhmÀmme kehittÀmÀn amyloidi-inhibiittori kykyÀ estÀÀ amyloidisÀikeiden muodostuminen Tioflaviini-T-mittauksilla (ThT). Inhibiittori osoittautui tehokkaaksi amyloidisÀikeiden muodostumisen estÀjÀksi. Amyloidi-inhibiittori voisikin olla tulevaisuudessa lÀÀke gelsoliiniamyloidoosiin

    The Effect of Enterprise Risk Management Implementation on Debt Financing Access. Case Finnish Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

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    Enterprise risk management (ERM) is a definition for the contemporary risk management concept that has emerged after the accounting and corporate scandals of the early 2000s. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) responded to these events and developed an ERM conceptual framework, the COSO ERM, which offers a practical tool to evaluate the holistic risk management systems of SMEs. Contingency theory is the leading theoretical background for this research, as the important preconditions behind the ERM implementation are being examined. The debt financing access of Finnish small and medium-sized enterprises has received national public attention, however remaining a sparsely researched topic. The main purpose of this study is to find relationships between the debt financing access qualities and the degree of ERM implementation. The research data was gathered using the survey method. Survey questionnaire was sent to 1636 members of Finnish Foundation of Entrepreneurs. 61 firms were accepted to the final sample from the 135 participants. Cluster analysis were conducted to find ‘active’ and ‘passive’ firms of risk management activities. First part of the study provides insight into the risk management activities of Finnish SMEs, and how the characteristics of size, sector and ownership are associated with the degree of ERM implementation. Second part of the study examines the relationship between the degree of ERM implementation and its relationship with the debt financing access of the SMEs. The results of the study support the literature based hypotheses that the size and the sector of a firm is associated with the degree of ERM implementation. Sample data does not support the ownership hypotheses. Only the positive attitudes to alternative sources of debt were found to be statistically significant in the relationship between degree of ERM implementation and SME debt financing access.fi=OpinnĂ€ytetyö kokotekstinĂ€ PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=LĂ€rdomsprov tillgĂ€ngligt som fulltext i PDF-format

    Towards an entrepreneurial university:entrepreneurship education and innovation activities at the University of Oulu

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    Abstract. Entrepreneurship and increasing entrepreneurial activity are topics of high interest for several groups in a society. Due to various benefits generated by entrepreneurship, governments and policy makers are interested in mechanisms and activities enhancing entrepreneurial activity. This has led to creation of a phenomenon called Entrepreneurial University, which emphasizes the role of universities in generating new innovations and future entrepreneurs and contributing to regional development. The purpose of this study is to examine the current state of entrepreneurship education and innovation activities at the University of Oulu. The study aims at identifying the primary activities and educational approaches of different organizations and activities contributing to entrepreneurship education at the University of Oulu and drawing a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the activities. This research is a qualitative study. Data is gathered by semi-structured theme interviews and altogether five interviews were conducted covering the operations of six organizations or activities. All the interviewees were either in the role of planning or implementing the activities and were experienced in their tasks after several years of working in their positions. The results reveal that entrepreneurship education and innovation activities at the University of Oulu are rich in nature and complementary to each other. All three areas forming the entrepreneurial university phenomenon were found, meaning entrepreneurship training, technology transfer and innovation support mechanisms. From the results it can be stated that after few years of iterative development, the case organizations and activities have found and adopted the best practices to their activities and formed a solid basis for operations. The study also reveals that the major challenges related to operations were shared by the organizations. The greatest challenges related to operations concern reaching and engaging Finnish students, which is caused by other smaller challenges such as lack of motivation, lack of credibility and language barriers. High levels of improvement of operations may be received by focusing on the issues revealed in this research and enhancing co-operation between the organizations. The results of this research provide the University of Oulu with valuable information about the current state of the entrepreneurial activities and reveal some development areas. This study contributes also to the growing body of research in the field of entrepreneurial university verifying some of the findings of previous research. The study serves also other higher education institutions and organizations planning of conducting similar activities and provides suggestions for further research

    Fourier'n sarjoista

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    Työn tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ, mitkĂ€ ehdot jaksolliselle funktiolle tĂ€ytyy asettaa, jotta funktion Fourier’n sarja suppenee kohti alkuperĂ€istĂ€ funktiota. Osoittautuu, ettĂ€ pisteittĂ€isen suppenemisen tutkiminen antaa suppean kuvan siitĂ€, millaisia funktioita Fourier’n sarjoilla voidaan mielekkÀÀsti approksimoida. Esimerkiksi funktion jatkuvuus ei takaa Fourier’n sarjan pisteittĂ€istĂ€ suppenemista, mikĂ€ osoitetaan tutkielman viimeisessĂ€ luvussa. Lebesguen integaalin avulla saadaan ilmaistua huomattavasti yleisempi suppenemisen muoto. NĂ€in saadaan mielekĂ€s suppenemisehto kaikille jaksollisille Lebesguen neliöintegroituville funktioille. TĂ€mĂ€ lĂ€hestymistapa yhdistÀÀ erilaisia Fourier’n sarjoja koskevia tuloksia yhtenĂ€iseksi teoriaksi, missĂ€ euklidisesta avaruudesta tutut kĂ€sitteet yleistyvĂ€t funktioiden joukkoon. Koska sini- ja kosinifunktiot ovat ÀÀrettömĂ€sti derivoituvia, saadaan Fourier’n sarjojen avulla muodostettua hyvin kĂ€yttĂ€ytyvĂ€ approksimaatio jopa epĂ€jatkuville funktioille. TĂ€mĂ€ on selvĂ€ etu esimerkiksi Taylorin polynomeihin verrattuna, minkĂ€ muodostaminen asettaa funktiolle tiukemmat sileysehdot. Tutkielman pÀÀtulokset ovat Fourier’n sarjojen pisteittĂ€istĂ€ suppenemista koskevat Lauseet 5.8 ja 5.9, tasaista suppenemista kĂ€sittelevĂ€ Lause 7.4 sekĂ€ neliöintegroituvien funktioiden approksimointia koskeva Lause 8.17

    Michael Freeden, MitÀ on ideologia?

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    Michael Freeden, MitÀ on ideologia? Suom. Tapani KilpelÀinen. Tampere: niin & nÀin, 2019, 154 s

    Machines Making Decision : The Applicability of State Responsibility Doctrine in the Case of Autonomous Systems

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    The present thesis explores questions related to the state responsibility for autonomous systems. The aim of this thesis is to conceptualise and elaborate on the main state responsibility issues related to the autonomous systems. The analysis consists making a definition of autonomous systems, descriptive examination of the state responsibility doctrine in the present context and an attempt to concretise the phenomenon in the scenario analysis. For the purpose of the thesis, autonomous systems represent technical systems that have somewhat extensive independent decision-making capabilities. There are different categories of these systems and so called off-the-loop systems are the purest example of them. In addition to independence in decision-making processes, the capability to learn and to adapt in some extent in unpredictable circumstances is also typical for autonomous systems. All these features are assumed to be constructed by humans and thus at the meta level they cannot be fully separated from human influence. It is also relevant to understand that autonomous systems contain a group of technological apparatuses which through inter-communication form a coherent system. The defining and important matter from the legal perspective is the nexus between these systems that are gaining autonomy and the responsibility for those actions. It is the view taken in the thesis that contemporary state responsibility system is best described in the International Law Commission’s draft articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Following this premise, the research is concentrated on the topics arising from these articles. The main areas of the analysis are general applicability, attribution, state agent, circumstances precluding wrongfulness and ultra vires. Moreover, the framework included rundown of the due diligence and liability aspects of autonomous systems. Pursuant the thesis, it can be concluded that state responsibility includes an international wrongful act and attribution of that act to a state. In the autonomous systems context there is a huge number of primary norms and any breach or omission will lead to an international wrongful act. Attribution to a state is always based on a human or a group of humans. The autonomous systems cannot create the legal link of attribution as such. The circumstances to preclude wrongfulness can be applied to the autonomous systems as well. Additionally, actions committed by autonomous systems that include components from several states can lead to shared responsibility. It is also by definition that autonomous systems cannot act ultra vires in legal sense. Furthermore, in cases when the action of a state is not against an international norm but still causes damage, the liability regime might be applicable – also in the context of autonomous systems. The real life analysis of autonomous systems is always context specific and the chapter on scenario analysis will provide some examples of the state responsibility questions of the different stages (namely manufacturing, testing and using) of autonomous systems. The scenario analysis is an attempt to concretize an otherwise rather problematic phenomenon. To summarize, the present thesis gives an overview of the relevant state responsibility questions of autonomous systems

    The mechanisms of tension myoneural syndrome and applied treatment and care techniques

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    Tension Myoneural Syndrome (TMS) as a diagnosis was developed in the late 1970s by John Sarno (MD). He discovered that often back pain and later other chronic pain conditions are psychosomatic in nature. The main objectives of this Master’s Thesis was to provide a comprehensive literature research on the origin, symptoms and treatment of TMS and to develop an online diagnostic TMS questionnaire tool. The literature research revealed that the area of psychosomatic pain conditions is scarcely studied. However, the growing scientific and empirical evidence supports the role of emotions in the development of chronic pain and in some other related chronic conditions. By the currently unknown reason the brain may presume the powerful emotions, like anger, shame and grief, too overwhelming. So instead of actually feeling these emotions the TMS patients’ brain creates physical symptoms to distract the patient. This happens in the unconscious mind without the awareness of the patient. The role of the brain in the creation of TMS symptoms is undeniable. With the help of modern imaging technology, it is possible to study what is happening in the brain during chronic pain. Remarkably pain and especially chronic pain would seem often involve the same brain areas that are responsible of social pain and emotional processing. However, more research is needed in this area. Because of the widespread symptoms and variety of conditions that are thought to be TMS equivalents the role of immune and endocrine system involvement in TMS should also be considered. There are a lot of different treatment programs and options to TMS. All of them rely on the same basic principles: education about the syndrome, overcoming the fear of physical activity and emotional awareness through psychotherapy or journaling. Why this kind of treatment works is most likely due to changes in the brain and nervous system related to these interventions. The biggest problem in TMS treatment is the lack of educated medical professionals. Many doctors do not understand the importance of the mindbody connection in relation to illness and disease. Thus, misdiagnosis is common, and the patients cannot receive the treatment they would actually need and benefit from. The biggest difference between traditional treatment of chronic pain and TMS treatment is that while traditional treatment is about pain management and mainly symptomatic treatment, TMS treatment aims to full recovery and treats the root causes of the symptoms.TMS-oireyhtymĂ€ diagnoosina on syntynyt 1970-luvun lopulla. LÀÀkĂ€ri John Sarno huomasi, ettĂ€ usein selkĂ€kivut ovat luonteeltaan psykosomaattisia, ja myöhemmin myös muunlaiset krooniset kivut voivat johtua osittain tai kokonaan psykologisista syistĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€n diplomityön pÀÀtarkoituksena oli tehdĂ€ kattava kirjallisuuskatsaus TMS-oireyhtymĂ€stĂ€ perehtyen sen alkuperÀÀn, oireisiin ja hoitoon. LisĂ€ksi tavoitteena oli kehittÀÀ verkossa toimiva versio kyselystĂ€, jota on kĂ€ytetty apuna TMS:n diagnosoinnissa. Kirjallisuuskatsaus paljasti, ettĂ€ psykosomaattisia kipuoireita on tutkittu suhteellisen vĂ€hĂ€n. Kuitenkin kasvava tieteellinen ja empiirinen todistusaineisto viittaa siihen, ettĂ€ tunteet ovat tĂ€rkeĂ€ssĂ€ osassa kroonisen kivun sekĂ€ muidenkin kroonisten sairauksien kehittymisessĂ€. VielĂ€ toistaiseksi tuntemattomasta syystĂ€ aivot voivat kokea vahvat tunteet, kuten vihan, hĂ€peĂ€n tai surun liian voimakkaiksi. TĂ€llöin itse tunteen tuntemisen sijaan TMS-potilaan aivot luovat fyysisiĂ€ oireita kÀÀntÀÀkseen potilaan huomion pois tunteista. TĂ€mĂ€ prosessi tapahtuu tĂ€ysin potilaan tiedostamatta. Aivot ovat suuressa osassa TMS:n oireiden kehittymisessĂ€. Nykyiset kuvantamistekniikat voivat paljastaa, miten krooninen kipu vaikuttaa aivoihin. YllĂ€ttĂ€en kipu, erityisesti krooninen kipu, nĂ€yttĂ€isi liittyvĂ€n samoihin aivoalueisiin, jotka ovat vastuussa sosiaalisen kivun ja tunteiden prosessoinnista. Kuitenkin lisĂ€tutkimuksia tĂ€ltĂ€ alueelta tarvitaan. Vaihtelevan oireenkuvan ja laaja-alaisten oireiden vuoksi, joiden uskotaan olevan niin kutsuttuja TMS-ekvivalentteja, myös immuuni- ja umpieritysjĂ€rjestelmĂ€ saattavat olla osallisina TMS:ssĂ€. TMS:n hoitoon on olemassa useita erilaisia ohjelmia ja vaihtoehtoja. Kaikki hoitovaihtoehdot nojautuvat samoihin periaatteisiin: koulutukseen ja informaatioon TMS:stĂ€, fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen liittyvien pelkojen voittamiseen sekĂ€ tunteiden tiedostamiseen psykoterapian tai tunteista kirjoittamisen avulla. Hoidon tehon arvellaan perustuvan aivoissa ja hermostossa tapahtuviin muutoksiin. Suurin ongelma TMS:n hoidossa on koulutettujen lÀÀketieteen ammattilaisten puute. Monet lÀÀkĂ€rit eivĂ€t ymmĂ€rrĂ€ keho-mieliyhteyden lĂ€heistĂ€ suhdetta sairauksiin riittĂ€vĂ€n hyvin. Sen vuoksi vÀÀrĂ€t diagnoosit ovat yleisiĂ€ ja siitĂ€ johtuen potilaat eivĂ€t saa sitĂ€ hoitoa, josta he parhaiten hyötyisivĂ€t. Suurin ero perinteisen kroonisen kivun hoidon ja TMS hoidon vĂ€lillĂ€ on, ettĂ€ perinteinen hoito pyrkii symptomaattiseen hoitoon ja kivun hoitamiseen, TMS hoidon tavoitteena on oireiden syyn hoitaminen ja tĂ€ysi paraneminen

    Todistamisajattelun opettaminen

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    Matematiikka eroaa muista tieteistĂ€ juuri sen selkeyden ja luotettavuuden takia ja nĂ€mĂ€ ominaisuudet juontuvat juuri luotettavista todistuksista. Matematiikka ei siis perustu ”kokeelliseen matematiikkaan” tai intuitiiviseen pÀÀttelyyn vaan matematiikan teoreemat todistetaan tiukkojen sÀÀntöjen mukaan. Matematiikan opetuksessa monesti turvaudutaan, varsinkin ylĂ€koulussa, selittĂ€viin esimerkkeihin. TĂ€llöin vaarana on, ettĂ€ oppilaat eivĂ€t opi kriittistĂ€ pÀÀttelyĂ€ ja ongelmanratkaisutaitoja. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkielman tarkoituksena onkin selvittÀÀ, miten todistamista ja todistamisajattelua voidaan opettaa ja tukea oppilaiden ajattelun kehittymistĂ€ erityisesti ylĂ€koulussa ja lukiossa. Koska opettajat ovat tĂ€rkeĂ€ssĂ€ roolissa todistamisajattelun ja todistamisen opettamisessa, myös heidĂ€n asenteitaan, kĂ€sityksiÀÀn ja valmiuksiaan todis-tamista kohtaan tarkasteltiin kyselytutkimuksen avulla. Tutkimuksen perusteella ainakin Suomen yliopistokoulutus nĂ€yttĂ€isi tuottavan asiantuntevia opettajia. Lukion kurssi MAA11 Lukuteoria ja todistaminen keskittyy osaltaan pelkĂ€stÀÀn todistamiseen ja tĂ€lle kurssille on saatavilla hyviĂ€ oppikirjoja, kuten tutkielmaan liittyvĂ€ssĂ€ oppikirja-analyysissĂ€ kĂ€y ilmi. TĂ€rkeintĂ€ todistamisajattelun kehittymiselle on kuitenkin opettajan pedagoginen osaaminen ja todistamisen lĂ€hestymistapa. LisĂ€ksi olennaista on, minkĂ€laista ohjausta opettaja osaa ja ehtii oppilaalle tĂ€ltĂ€ pohjalta antaa

    Sosiaalinen osallisuus etsivÀn nuorisotyön asiakkaiden koulukokemuksissa

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    TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia etsivĂ€n nuorisotyön asiakkaiden koulukokemuksia sosiaalisen osallisuuden nĂ€kökulmasta keskittyen opettaja–oppilassuhteeseen sekĂ€ vertaissuhteisiin. TutkimustehtĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ oli selvittÀÀ, millaisia sosiaalisen osallisuuden ja osattomuuden koulukokemuksia etsivĂ€n nuorisotyön asiakkailla oli ollut. Sosiaalisen osallisuuden tutkiminen on tĂ€rkeÀÀ, sillĂ€ osallisuutta korostetaan vuonna 2016 voimaan tulleessa perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteissa aiempia opetussuunnitelmia enemmĂ€n. TĂ€mĂ€ velvoittaa myös kasvatus- ja opetushenkilöstöÀ sen edistĂ€miseen kouluyhteisössĂ€. Sosiaalinen osallisuus on osa koulua muun muassa kuulumisen, arvostuksen, toimivien suhteiden sekĂ€ turvallisuuden ja hyvinvoinnin kautta. Sosiaalista osallisuutta tukemalla edistetÀÀn myös oikeudenmukaisuutta, yhdenvertaisuutta ja tasa-arvoa. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen tutkimus. Tutkimuksen metodologisena viitekehyksenĂ€ toimi fenomenologia, joka keskittyy kokemuksen tutkimiseen. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerĂ€ttiin teemahaastatteluina kevÀÀllĂ€ 2018 neljĂ€stĂ€ eri Suomen kaupungista. Tutkimukseen haastateltiin 13 etsivĂ€n nuorisotyön asiakasta, jotka olivat 17–29-vuotiaita. Aineisto analysoitiin teoriaohjaavalla sisĂ€llönanalyysilla luokittelua apuna kĂ€yttĂ€en. Tutkimuksesta ilmeni, ettĂ€ etsivĂ€n nuorisotyön asiakkailla oli sekĂ€ sosiaalisen osallisuuden ettĂ€ osattomuuden koulukokemuksia. Sosiaalisen osattomuuden kokemuksia olivat ulkopuolisuus vertaisryhmĂ€ssĂ€, epĂ€oikeudenmukaisuus ja vĂ€linpitĂ€mĂ€ttömyys opettajan toiminnassa sekĂ€ fyysinen turvattomuus opettajan ja vertaisten toiminnan seurauksena. Sosiaalisen osallisuuden kokemuksia olivat opettajalta saatu arvostus ja kuulluksi tuleminen sekĂ€ yhteisöllisyyden kokemus vertaissuhteissa. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, ettĂ€ hyvĂ€t vuorovaikutussuhteet vertaisten kanssa ja hyvĂ€ opettaja– oppilassuhde olivat avainasemassa sosiaalisen osallisuuden kokemuksien muodostumisessa. Opettajalta vaadittiin enemmĂ€n aikaa ja ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ kohdata nuori. LisĂ€ksi etenkin ylĂ€kouluaikana vertaissuhteiden ja sosiaalisen osallisuuden kokemuksien merkitys korostui. MikĂ€li sosiaalisen osallisuuden kokemuksia ei saavutettu, syntyi negatiivista yhteisöllisyyttĂ€, jolloin kapinoitiin vahvasti koulun arvoja vastaan. Negatiivinen yhteisöllisyys vahvisti oman porukan yhteisöllisyyttĂ€, mutta heikensi sitĂ€ koko luokan tasolla. Tutkimuksen tulokset ja erityisesti osattomuuden kokemukset ohjaavat tulkintaa siihen suuntaan, ettei nuoria kuulla ja kohdata kouluarjessa tarpeeksi heille merkityksellisissĂ€ asioissa. Yhteiskunnallisesti tarkasteltuna opettajalta vaaditun huomion taakse kytkeytyy pohdinta koulun riittĂ€mĂ€ttömistĂ€ resursseista ja opettajan kykyjen riittĂ€mĂ€ttömyydestĂ€ tukea sosiaalista osallisuutta. LisĂ€ksi tutkimustulokset perustelevat sosiaalisen osallisuuden kĂ€sitteen kytkemistĂ€ osaksi perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteita
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