Dimensions territoriales des changements climatiques et des grandes ruptures culturelles de l'Age du Bronze en Méditerranée orientale et au Proche-Orient

International audienceThe evolution of Bronze Age (BA) societies in the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) and Near East (NE) was punctuated by crises which were synchronous over the region. These turbulent periods occurred at the end of each Millenium between 3200 and 900 BC. Whether called « transition phases », « black ages », « intermediate periods » etc., they give the tempo of the BA cultural phasing in the region. Depending on the territory concerned, the Chalcolithic era ended ca 3200-3000 BC, the Early BA (IV, the last phase of EBA) ended ca 2300-1900 BC ; the Middle BA ended ca 1550-1450 BC ; the Late BA ca 1200-1050 BC. These « rupture » phases correspond in some cases to the transformation (or the destabilization, or the disappearance) of major complex economic and politic systems at a regional scale all over the EM and NE. The timing of these occurrences was paralleled by climatic events characterized by one or several intense droughts between 3250-3000 BC, 2500-1900 BC, 1200-900 BC. The territorial dimension of the relationships between this climatic instability and the sociocultural changes raises questions, especially with regard to the modification in soil and water resources, and the related socioeconomic organization necessary for their control and conservation. Illustration of the territorial aspect of the political and economic challenges related to rapid environmental changes, is based in marginal territories of Egypt, the Levant, central Syria, Middle Euphrates valley. These examples allow to discuss the role of the variability in geographical constraints in the history of the BA States concerned.L'histoire des sociétés de l'âge du Bronze en Méditerranée orientale et au Proche-Orient a été ponctuée d'une succession de périodes culturelles instables qui se sont produites vers la fin de chaque millénaire av. notre ère (3200-3000 ; 2200-1900 ; 1200-900). Ces phases, appelées « de transition », « âges noirs », «âges intermédiaires » etc., rythment la périodisation culturelle de l'âge du Bronze. Les dates varient selon les régions et les territoires : le Chacolithique se termine vers 3400-3000 av. notre ère ; l'âge du Bronze ancien IV se termine entre 2300 et 1900 av. notre ère, l'âge du Bronze moyen vers 1550-1450 av. notre ère, l'âge du Bronze récent entre 1200 et1050 av. notre ère. Ces phases, où l'organisation de systèmes économiques et politiques régionaux complexes a été transformée, déstabilisée voire détruite, ont coïncidé chronologiquement avec des évènements climatiques rapides et intenses, caractérisés par des pics de sécheresse entre 3250-3050, 2500-1900 et 1200-900 av. notre ère. Une instabilité climatique générant des problèmes de gestion de ressources a donc accompagné, d'une certaine façon, des enjeux d'organisation socioéconomique de territoires sensibles. Les données archéologiques montrent des modifications de ressources en territoires qui précèdent, accompagnent ou suivent des changements de répartition, quantité et destination des productions agricoles, des ressources alimentaires et financières, des systèmes de distribution, de contrôle, etc. Des exemples choisis dans les territoires de marges (Egypte, Levant, Syrie centrale, vallée moyenne de l'Euphrate en Turquie et Syrie) illustrent la dimension territoriale de ces changements et de leurs impacts, et permettent de discuter le rôle de la variabilité des conditions géographiques dans l'histoire de ces Etats

トルコ中部の内陸塩性湖沼の珪藻遺骸群衆 : 第四紀後期における古塩分変動の定量的復元への応用

In arid and semi-arid areas, like inner Anatolia, small change in precipitation and evaporation rates can have marked effects on the water environment of inland lakes at closed basins. This study demonstrates the importance of detailed diatom analyses in attempt to identify lake level and lake water quality changes of inland lakes in Turkey. An important first step in using diatoms as salinity indicators is to obtain quantitative data on their ecological characteristics, such as optima and tolerances along salinity gradients. We took 51 samples of living diatoms from 38 lakes and rivers in the central part of Turley, and calculated an abundance-weighted mean salinity (AWM) for each toxin (Kashima, 1996). On the basis of a strong relationship between diatom composition and salinity, we defined the diatom-based transfer functions for salinity reconstruction, and then applied them to Late Quaternary sediments in Turkey. Our drilling surveys were done at Kaman Kalehoyük, Lake Tuz, Konya Basin and in Akgöl Marsh and its surrounding areas. The results show that there was a number of alternations between fresh and saline conditions during the Late Quaternary (Kashima et al., in press)

Müze, Kütüphane ve Arşiv Binalarında Proaktif Önlemler

Risk-reducing measures are necessary for the long term health of objects (museum collections, library and archival materials) which features all periods of history located in display, reading room and storage spaces of museum, library and archive buildings. To minimize risk related with employees, visitors, users, artifacts, archival materials in case of an emergency situation or disaster time, conservation should be provided with proactive measures (prior action) at the spaces where contain artifacts which have been cultural memory of society. Additionaly, deterioration caused by environmental risk factors that will be minimized through measures to be taken. When the artifacts and archival materials deterioration occurred by risk factors which are oriented interior building conditions, not reactive (immediate response), but proactive (preventive) approach should be predicted with continuous monitoring due to prevent this deterioration. Due to adverse climatic conditions in the interior environment that may occur stress or health problems on the staff level, proactive monitoring is essential. Implementation of proactive security management is also important in the case of unsafe act of the personel who is responsible of artifact protection. In Turkey, introduced by the Labour Act of Turkey Law No. 4857 which contains proactive approach, to take measures are compulsory in workplaces. In the study, it is emphasized that necessity of proactive measures which are contribute to minimizing risks of human and objects

Kütüphanelerdeki El Yazması Eserlere Yönelik Bir Belgeleme Önerisi: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Nadir Eserler Kitaplığı Örneği A Documentation Proposal for Manuscripts in Libraries A Case Study: İstanbul University Faculty of Letters Rare Books Library

Libraries are important institutions which transferred unique cultural heritage from past to present. The role of conservation works is essential in transmitting of the books, manuscripts and documents which reflect near past to the next generations in a healthy way. Bringing into the ideal levels of indoor comfort (climatic) conditions is one of the protection studies in the library environments. Temperature, relative humidity, light, radiation, dust, vibration; microbiological activity, biological factors: insects and rodents, intentional / unintentional acts of human-induced factors and disaster factors affect library buildings and collections. The collections which have their vulnerable chemical structure nature are faced with a very quick deterioration or extinction. Due to the all of these reasons, necessary precautions should be taken by measurement, assessment and continuous monitoring of the library materials for indoor environment before any kind of deterioration. In this study, proposal of solution based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis, which provides fast data analysis for the diagnosis of deterioration occurring over time, has been proposed. It is aimed that deterioration in the manuscripts in the libraries depending on the ambient conditions, by using digital and optical imaging such as Raman Spectroscopy method, GIS and to collect a database of these records for the future studies. Using of data obtained from this study as base in the diagnosis and restoration works and as tool in development of conservation policies are emphasized. Spectroscopic analysis were performed by Raman spectroscopic techniques. According to the Raman spectroscopy results, it was determined that pigments were used for manuscripts. On the other hand, deterioration levels were defined by GIS with high precision

Kütüphanelerdeki El Yazması Eserlere Yönelik Bir Belgeleme Önerisi: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Nadir Eserler Kitaplığı Örneği A Documentation Proposal for Manuscripts in Libraries A Case Study: İstanbul University Faculty of Letters Rare Books Library

Libraries are important institutions which transferred unique cultural heritage from past to present. The role of conservation works is essential in transmitting of the books, manuscripts and documents which reflect near past to the next generations in a healthy way. Bringing into the ideal levels of indoor comfort (climatic) conditions is one of the protection studies in the library environments. Temperature, relative humidity, light, radiation, dust, vibration; microbiological activity, biological factors: insects and rodents, intentional / unintentional acts of human-induced factors and disaster factors affect library buildings and collections. The collections which have their vulnerable chemical structure nature are faced with a very quick deterioration or extinction. Due to the all of these reasons, necessary precautions should be taken by measurement, assessment and continuous monitoring of the library materials for indoor environment before any kind of deterioration. In this study, proposal of solution based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis, which provides fast data analysis for the diagnosis of deterioration occurring over time, has been proposed. It is aimed that deterioration in the manuscripts in the libraries depending on the ambient conditions, by using digital and optical imaging such as Raman Spectroscopy method, GIS and to collect a database of these records for the future studies. Using of data obtained from this study as base in the diagnosis and restoration works and as tool in development of conservation policies are emphasized. Spectroscopic analysis were performed by Raman spectroscopic techniques. According to the Raman spectroscopy results, it was determined that pigments were used for manuscripts. On the other hand, deterioration levels were defined by GIS with high precision

Frobenius groups of automorphisms and their fixed points

Suppose that a finite group $G$ admits a Frobenius group of automorphisms $FH$ with kernel $F$ and complement $H$ such that the fixed-point subgroup of $F$ is trivial: $C_G(F)=1$. In this situation various properties of $G$ are shown to be close to the corresponding properties of $C_G(H)$. By using Clifford's theorem it is proved that the order $|G|$ is bounded in terms of $|H|$ and $|C_G(H)|$, the rank of $G$ is bounded in terms of $|H|$ and the rank of $C_G(H)$, and that $G$ is nilpotent if $C_G(H)$ is nilpotent. Lie ring methods are used for bounding the exponent and the nilpotency class of $G$ in the case of metacyclic $FH$. The exponent of $G$ is bounded in terms of $|FH|$ and the exponent of $C_G(H)$ by using Lazard's Lie algebra associated with the Jennings--Zassenhaus filtration and its connection with powerful subgroups. The nilpotency class of $G$ is bounded in terms of $|H|$ and the nilpotency class of $C_G(H)$ by considering Lie rings with a finite cyclic grading satisfying a certain `selective nilpotency' condition. The latter technique also yields similar results bounding the nilpotency class of Lie rings and algebras with a metacyclic Frobenius group of automorphisms, with corollaries for connected Lie groups and torsion-free locally nilpotent groups with such groups of automorphisms. Examples show that such nilpotency results are no longer true for non-metacyclic Frobenius groups of automorphisms.Comment: 31 page

Reconstitution paléogéographique des dynamiques paysagères durant l'Holocène autour de Xanthos et Létôon dans l'ancienne Lycie (Turquie) : premiers résultats

Selon Strabon, Xanthos et Létôon étaient une cité et un sanctuaire majeurs de Lycie à la période hellénistique (ive-iie siècles av. J.-C.). L’archéologue qui étudie ces deux sites ne peut faire l’hypothèse que le paysage dans lequel ils se situent est resté immobile depuis l’arrivée des premiers habitants au viie siècle av. J.-C. Comprendre les sociétés qui ont occupé cet espace, ainsi que leurs relations avec l’environnement, implique de reconstituer les paysages qu’elles ont habités et aménagés, en s’appuyant sur la compréhension des conditions environnementales et des dynamiques géomorphologiques qui s’y sont exercées. Dans cet article, les premiers résultats issus de l’analyse de séquences carottées et de profils géophysiques sont interprétés et confrontés aux sources historiques, archéologiques et littéraires, et une première reconstitution de l’évolution des paysages est proposée. Les enregistrements sédimentaires indiquent qu’une baie marine a été progressivement fermée par le développement d’une flèche littorale à l’arrière de laquelle s’établissait un système lagunaire. C’est dans ce contexte paysager que se sont développés les deux sites. Face au Létôon un ancien chenal a été identifié, qui permettait peut-être une relation directe, par le fleuve, du sanctuaire avec la mer en aval, et avec la cité de Xanthos en amont. L’étude de la morphologie de la vallée dans son ensemble révèle une forte mobilité des paysages, qui a contraint les hommes à choisir des sites protégés dans des lieux stratégiques pour y installer leurs cités, leurs sanctuaires et leurs voies de communication. La mobilité des paysages a aussi été exploitée de manière symbolique : installé dans un environnement hostile de marécages en plaine alluviale, le sanctuaire de Létôon se pose comme un défi aux lois de la nature

The chronostratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave (Cyrenaica, northeast Libya)

The 1950s excavations by Charles McBurney in the Haua Fteah, a large karstic cave on the coast of northeast Libya, revealed a deep sequence of human occupation. Most subsequent research on North African prehistory refers to his discoveries and interpretations, but the chronology of its archaeological and geological sequences has been based on very early age determinations. This paper reports on the initial results of a comprehensive multi-method dating program undertaken as part of new work at the site, involving radiocarbon dating of charcoal, land snails and marine shell, cryptotephra investigations, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments, and electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of tooth enamel. The dating samples were collected from the newly exposed and cleaned faces of the upper 7.5 m of the w14.0 m-deep McBurney trench, which contain six of the seven major cultural phases that he identified. Despite problems of sediment transport and reworking, using a Bayesian statistical model the new dating program establishes a robust framework for the five major lithostratigraphic units identified in the stratigraphic succession, and for the major cultural units. The age of two anatomically modern human mandibles found by McBurney in Layer XXXIII near the base of his Levalloiso-Mousterian phase can now be estimated to between 73 and 65 ka (thousands of years ago) at the 95.4% confidence level, within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4. McBurney’s Layer XXV, associated with Upper Palaeolithic Dabban blade industries, has a clear stratigraphic relationship with Campanian Ignimbrite tephra. Microlithic Oranian technologies developed following the climax of the Last Glacial Maximum and the more microlithic Capsian in the Younger Dryas. Neolithic pottery and perhaps domestic livestock were used in the cave from the mid Holocene but there is no certain evidence for plant cultivation until the Graeco-Roman period