How much will decrease the sales of brand name products after the introduction of private products?

Cílem práce je popsat, o kolik se sníží prodej značkového mléčného výrobku po zavedení konkurenčního privátního výrobku v období 2010 -- 2012 v celé České republice a ve městech Praha, Brno a Ostrava. Nejvýznamnější vliv na prodej má samotná existence privátního výrobku, dále také cena a promoční akce. Po zavedení privátního výrobku se celorepublikově sníží prodej značkového výrobku o 56 %. Pro zvýšení prodeje jsou využívány promoční akce, kdy se prodej výrobků až několikanásobně zvýší. Tyto změny prodejů jsou pravděpodobně způsobeny tím, že zákazníci jsou citliví na cenu. Dalšími vlivy, které prodej ovlivňují, jsou teplota, srážky či roční doba.The aim of this thesis is to describe how much the sales of a branded milk product decreased after the introduction of competitive private product during years 2010 -- 2012 in the Czech Republic and in the cities of Prague, Brno and Ostrava. The most significant effect on sales has the existence of the private product, as well as price and promotions. After the introduction of private product, the nationwide reduce of branded product sales is 56 %. To increase sales, companies use promotions, the number of selling products increased several times. These changes in sales are probably due to the fact that customers are price-sensitive. Other factors that affect sales are temperature, precipitation or time of year

Oxidačně a tepelně alterovaná uhlí z oblasti pestrých vrstev hornoslezské černouhelné pánve

Import 20/04/2006Prezenční výpůjčkaVŠB - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta metalurgie a materiálového inženýrstv

Analytické stanovení tetraalkyl (aryl) amoniových solí a jejich interkalace do montmorillonitu

Import 19/04/2006Prezenční výpůjčkaVŠB - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta metalurgie a materiálového inženýrství. Katedra (619) fyzikální chemie a teorie technologických pochod

Using capillary isotachophoresis for the study of intercalation of quaternary salts into montmorillonite

Intercalates of organics with montmorillonites (MMT) are perspective sorbents for scavenging organic pollutants (chlorophenols, dioxines) from water environment. Easily exchangeable interlayer cations in MMT can be replaced by or ganoammonium or organophosphonium cations. A simple and East isotachophoretic method for determination of tetramethyl (TMA(+)). trimethyl(phenyl)-(TMPA(+)), and tetrabutylammonium (TBA(+)) cations in water solution based on MMT intercalation was proposed and verified. The tested method yielded reproducible and correct data. The achieved detection limits and sensitivity match the requirements of the batch equilibrium technique used for adsorption experiments. Sorption curves showed the following sorption maxima for the cations per g of Na-MMT: 0.98 mmol TMA(+), 0.97 mmol TMPA(+), and 0.84 mmol TBA(+). These values are in a very good agreement with elemental analyses of saturated TMA-MMT, TMPA-MMT and TBA-MMT

Humic acids from oxidized coals I. Elemental composition, titration curves, heavy metals in HA samples, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of HAs and infrared spectroscopy

The formation of humic acids (HAs) from bituminous coal was verified by laboratory oxidation. In a relatively short time the oxidation by air at temperature above 150 °C led to the formation of HAs. These HAs were compared with those isolated from oxidized bituminous coal from the vicinity of red bed bodies, from weathered bituminous coal, oxihumolite and lignite. For this the organic and inorganic elemental composition of HAs, apparent dissociation constants, metal-binding capacities, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra were determined and evaluated. With increasing temperature of laboratory oxidation of bituminous coal the percentage of aromaticity of HAs increases. HAs prepared from coal oxidized at 150 °C are characterized by an aromaticity index 78% while for HAs prepared at 250 and 300 °C by 95% aromaticity. The same index for HAs isolated from naturally oxidized bituminous coals is of about 87% whereas it is of about 50% for oxihumolite and lignite. The apparent dissociation constants (Kapp) are much higher in HAs isolated from oxihumolite and lignite (pKapp from 3.35 to 3.80) than those from oxidized bituminous coal samples (pKapp from 4.47 to 4.85). There is a good negative correlation between Pb-binding capacity and pKapp of all samples suggesting that metallic ions are bonded to acidic groups of HAs. Also contents of inorganic elements like Fe, Al, Si are much higher in HAs isolated from lignite and oxihumolite than those in HAs from oxidized bituminous coal. Thus, it seems that the temperatures below 150 °C and the long oxidation time are necessary conditions for the formation of HAs in oxidative altered bituminous coal deposited deeply under the earth surface

FLC SPA preanalytics

11 CSF samples were divided in two aliquots; one was frozen to -30°C immediately upon receipt (A), the second was stored at +2 to +8°C for exactly 7 days and frozen thereafter. All samples were then analysed for free light chains within the same analytical run using the Freelite assay on SPA PLUS analyser

fLLC preanalytics

11 CSF samples were divided into two aliquots and frozen either immediately (A) or after 7 days at +2°C to +8°C (B). No changes of fLLC concentrations have been observed in (B)

Data from: Assessment of intrathecal free light chain synthesis: comparison of different quantitative methods with the detection of oligoclonal free light chains by isoelectric focusing and affinity-mediated immunoblotting

Objectives: We aimed to compare various methods for free light chain (fLC) quantitation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum and to determine whether quantitative CSF measurements could reliably predict intrathecal fLC synthesis. In addition, we wished to determine the relationship between free kappa and free lambda light chain concentrations in CSF and serum in various disease groups. Methods: We analysed 166 paired CSF and serum samples by at least one of the following methods: turbidimetry (Freelite™, SPAPLUS), nephelometry (N Latex FLC™, BN ProSpec), and two different (commercially available and in-house developed) sandwich ELISAs. The results were compared with oligoclonal fLC detected by affinity-mediated immunoblotting after isoelectric focusing. Results: Although the correlations between quantitative methods were good, both proportional and systematic differences were discerned. However, no major differences were observed in the prediction of positive oligoclonal fLC test. Surprisingly, CSF free kappa/free lambda light chain ratios were lower than those in serum in about 75% of samples with negative oligoclonal fLC test. In about a half of patients with multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome, profoundly increased free kappa/free lambda light chain ratios were found in the CSF. Conclusions: Our results show that using appropriate method-specific cut-offs, different methods of CSF fLC quantitation can be used for the prediction of intrathecal fLC synthesis. The reason for unexpectedly low free kappa/free lambda light chain ratios in normal CSFs remains to be elucidated. Whereas CSF free kappa light chain concentration is increased in most patients with multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome, CSF free lambda light chain values show large interindividual variability in these patients and should be investigated further for possible immunopathological and prognostic significance