Length of orbital margins of dry skulls in a local Pakistani population

Orbit is an important bony cavity which lodges eyeball and associated  structures for our fundamental sense of vision. Knowledge regarding  accurate morphometric measurements of its margins and depth will help in diagnosis and treatment plans of various optic functions. Previous studies showed racial differences in different populations we want to collect data in local population of Asian region as we are lacking data in this region. This study was carried out on 64 bony orbits of 32 dry Asian human skulls. Measurements from right and left bony orbits were taken by digital vernier calipers in millimeters and entered in SPSS 18.0 for calculation of mean and standard deviation.Results were obtained from different orbital margins. Right superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins showed results as 31.30 ± 2.329 mm, 33.59 ± 3.35 mm, 29.57 ± 2.28 mm and 28.37 ± 2.023 mm respectively. While left superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins were 30.944 ± 2.1080 mm, 31.19 ± 2.54 mm, 29.567 ± 2.36 mm and 28.14 ± 2.286 mm respectively. Right sided depth from optic canal to frontomaxillary suture was 41.40 ± 2.88 and left sided depth was 39.93 ± 3.33 mm. Data collected in Asian population showed differences from other races. This study covers important area regarding helpful in surgeries of this region as precise measurements could avoid injuries and postoperative complications.Key Words: Orbital Margin, Pakista

Specific down-regulation of spinal μ-opioid receptor and reduced analgesic effects of morphine in mice with postherpetic pain

The analgesic effects of opioid agonists and the expression of μ-and κ-opioid receptors were compared between mice with herpetic pain and those with postherpetic pain induced by herpetic virus inoculation. Morphine inhibited herpetic pain more effectively than postherpetic pain. Intrathecal injection reduced the analgesic effects of morphine on postherpetic pain, but intracerebroventricular injection did not. The κ-opioid receptor agonist nalfurafine suppressed herpetic and postherpetic pain to similar degrees. μ-Opioid receptor-like immunoreactivities in the lumbar dorsal horn were markedly decreased at the postherpetic, but not herpetic, stage of pain. In the dorsal root ganglia, the expression of μ-opioid receptor mRNA was significantly decreased in mice with postherpetic pain, whereas the κ-opioid receptor mRNA level was not altered. These results suggest that specific down-regulation of the μ-opioid receptor in the primary sensory neurons is responsible for the reduced analgesic action of morphine on postherpetic pain. The κ-opioid receptor may be a useful target for the analgesic treatment of postherpetic neuralgia

Transient energy growth in two- and three-dimensional boundary layers

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-79).by Takeo Kuraishi.M.S

Towards a New Paradigm on Post-Truth: Discourse and Affect

In this study, I re-frame the concept of post-truth as political discourse, dissociating it from the mainstream conceptualisation with misinformation and supremacy of emotionality influencing public opinion. This study performs four tasks. First, I steer the discussion on post-truth away from the ‘misinformation’ and ‘objective facts’ dichotomy, disassociating it from the overemphasis on misinformation and the fixation of ‘post’ to be something after truth which is inherently negative. Second, I delineate a theoretical framework contextualised within the ambit of political theory, and ideology and discourse analysis, to conceptualise post-truth discourse. Third, I develop an operational definition of post-truth discourse to be tested empirically. Fourth, I apply my theory to Pakistan as a case study, whereby I implement two empirical analyses: the first identifying post-truth discourse in newspaper reporting, and the second an experimental design investigating the effect of post-truth discourses on political behaviour. I argue that post-truth discourse has significant effects on political ideologies' polarisation, manipulation of public policy, and endangering democratic institutions' trust. Among the main implications of my research, I describe how these behaviours have the potential to start democratic backsliding processes or undermine democratic institutions. Furthermore, I highlight the far-reaching implications of conceptualising post-truth as a political discourse for developing countries where political polarisation can have striking impacts on the field, such as elections, regime stability, and regime-society relationship. This study has attempted to re-conceptualise post-truth in a manner where the novelty of post-truth is questioned, the element of truthfulness is examined, and the conceptualisation of post-truth discourse is empirically tested. The shift in thinking about post-truth as a political discourse advances our understanding of post-truth and expands the scope of empirical work in the field. It provides us with new tools with which researchers can dissect the populist discourses of our times