Smoothened as a new therapeutic target for human osteosarcoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Hedgehog signaling pathway functions as an organizer in embryonic development. Recent studies have demonstrated constitutive activation of Hedgehog pathway in various types of malignancies. However, it remains unclear how Hedgehog pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. To explore the involvement of aberrant Hedgehog pathway in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, we investigated the expression and activation of Hedgehog pathway in osteosarcoma and examined the effect of SMOOTHENED (SMO) inhibition.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To evaluate the expression of genes of Hedgehog pathway, we performed real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry using osteosarcoma cell lines and osteosarcoma biopsy specimens. To evaluate the effect of SMO inhibition, we did cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle <it>in vitro </it>and xenograft model <it>in vivo</it>. Real-time PCR revealed that osteosarcoma cell lines over-expressed <it>Sonic hedgehog</it>, <it>Indian hedgehog</it>, <it>PTCH1</it>, <it>SMO</it>, and <it>GLI</it>. Real-time PCR revealed over-expression of <it>SMO, PTCH1</it>, and <it>GLI2 </it>in osteosarcoma biopsy specimens. These findings showed that Hedgehog pathway is activated in osteosarcomas. Inhibition of SMO by cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of SMO, slowed the growth of osteosarcoma in vitro. Cell cycle analysis revealed that cyclopamine promoted G1 arrest. Cyclopamine reduced the expression of accelerators of the cell cycle including cyclin D1, cyclin E1, SKP2, and pRb. On the other hand, p21^cip1wprotein was up-regulated by cyclopamine treatment. In addition, knockdown of <it>SMO </it>by <it>SMO </it>shRNA prevents osteosarcoma growth in vitro and in vivo.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings suggest that inactivation of SMO may be a useful approach to the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma.</p