Designing and Characterization of Emulsion-Based Matrices for the Encapsulation of Bioactive Oils using Polysaccharides

Flaxseed oil has abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids that are important to health but are oxidized easily during storage. These bioactive lipids are susceptible to chemical deterioration causing nutrient loss and development of undesirable off-flavors. Oil-in-water emulsions could be used as an effective tool to protect these functional active lipids from degradation by engineering the emulsion droplet interfacial layer. Engineering oil/water interfaces of emulsions has been studied extensively, but practical technologies are still demanded by the food industry. Emulsions are a category of encapsulation systems applicable to various bioactive compounds in food formulations. Emulsions have a fluidic oil phase which facilitates the mobility and release of bioactive compounds. Emulsion based encapsulation systems has been exhibited to have potential applications in functional food formulation. They have been used to inhibit lipid oxidation, triggered or controlled release during different processing and storage conditions. Biopolymer characteristics (e.g., molecular weight, charge density, and conformation) and droplets characteristics (e.g., size, charge, and concentration) are most significant aspects in the formulation of stable emulsions. In this study natural biopolymer pectin and chitosan has been used to produce oil-in-water emulsions. In first part of study, primary emulsion was produced from pectin and influence of sonication time, pH, NaCl, surfactant to oil ratio was studied. It was found that pectin emulsion at a pH primarily had less charge density and then changing the pH conditions to where they had more charge density (4.0 to 8.0) led to the development of less stable primary emulsion. The pectin layered droplets in the primary emulsions were stable to creaming and droplet aggregation at temperatures at 100 ºC and NaCl concentrations up to 120 mM. However, droplets were more prone to instability due to coalescence at less pectin concentration. In the next part of the thesis, bi-layered emulsions were created using layer-by-layer approach. Pectin was used to stabilize a primary emulsion with less droplet size, then, a cationic chitosan biopolymer was coated to the primary emulsion to produce secondary emulsions with cationic charge around the droplet. The interface of pectin and chitosan as a function of pH, NaCl and biopolymer concentration was studied with the anticipation of drawing conclusion for their interaction at droplets surfaces. Chitosan and pectin interaction to form insoluble or soluble polyelectrolyte complex at the droplet interface was dependent on the pH. At pH conditions where chitosan and pectin have opposite droplet charges (pH 3.5, 4.0 and 5.0) they interact intensely to form polyelectrolyte complexes. Stable and tailored pectin-chitosan secondary emulsions however could be formulated. But, confined range of chitosan concentration (between depletion concentrations and saturation) and protonation of chitosan are important factors in preparation of pectin-chitosan bi-layered emulsion. The objective of this research was therefore to understand how emulsion interface properties and interactions among emulsion droplets influence lipid oxidation in food emulsions. In addition, this study delivers valuable evidence on practice of the layer-by-layer approach for production of bi-layered food grade emulsions with an emphasis on the effects of formulation conditions and biopolymer properties on long term emulsion stability

Abhyanga : Different contemporary massage technique and its importance in Ayurveda

Ayurveda is a ‘science of life’ which provides not only curative but also preventive principles for healthy and long life. Ayurveda is a life style, a science and an art of appropriate living that ensures health and longevity of human being. Abhyanga (oil massage) which is one among the Dinacharya, is also a part of pre therapeutic procedures of Panchakarma. Abhyanga is to be considered in Snehana therapy. As it nourishes the senses of mind and gives the strength. but if done in any region like localised in head, neck, legs etc then it is termed as Shiroabhyanga, Padabhyanga etc. Full body massage gives strength to whole body but localised massage gives strength to that particular part of the body. Localised massage can be practised by oneself. Thus it is easy to practise. But for Abhyanga one need to be dependent on massage trainer. The instructions to be followed under localised massage also. It gives its benefits; when it is done in right manner only

Nanoscale Nonvolatile Memory Circuit Design using Emerging Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory

Title from PDF of title page, viewed August 25, 2017Thesis advisor: Masud H ChowdhuryVitaIncludes bibliographical references (pages 67-71)Thesis (M.S.)--School of Computing and Engineering. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2016The spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is suitable for embedded and second level cache memories in the mobile CPUs. STT-MRAM is a highly potential nonvolatile memory (NVM) technology. There has been a growing demand to improve the efficiency and reliability of the NVM circuits and architectures. we present a modified STT MRAM cell design, where each cell is comprised of one magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) device and a regular access transistor. We provide analysis of device, circuit and memory architecture level issues of STT-MRAM. The Modified 1M1T STT-MRAM bit cell circuit offers simpler and more area- and power- efficient design compared to the existing STT-MRAM cell design. Some device-circuit co-design issues are investigated to demonstrate ways to reduce delay in MRAM circuits based on MTJ. An 8x8 conventional MRAM array is implemented using the existing 2M2T cell and the Modified 1M1T cell to perform a comparative analysis at the architecture level. The non-volatile nature of the proposed STT-MRAM is verified through SPICE simulation. The circuit implementations and simulations are performed for 45nm technology node. As the transistor scales down it is prone to subthreshold leakage, gate-dielectric leakage, Short channel effect and drain induced barrier lowering. Now alternative of Access transistor is needed. We are using FinFET as access transistor in the STT-MRAM bit cell. FinFET based bit cell is designed to get an advantage of scaling down. Analysis is done and proven that the power consumption, standalone leakage current is less when compared to NMOS based STT-MRAM bit cell. Also determined FinFET based bit cell produces less access time to access the logic value from MTJ. Now, Industry is looking to have computational and storage capability together and that can be achieved through STT-MRAM. Addition to that there is a possibility to reduce power consumption and leakage more. So replacing FinFET technology with Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) is required. As the conventional STT-MRAM requires certain current to reverse the magnetization of MTJ and one CNTFET alone cannot produce sufficient current required to store the logic value into MTJ. So new Bit cell is proposed using 3 CNTFET and 1 MTJ, this bit cell is capable of storing 3 logic values at a time that is capable of doing computation and act as AND gate. Also it utilizes less power to be in active region. Sensing of any memory system is one of the main challenge in industry to get better performance with less resources. Conventional Sense Amplifier (SA) used to sense the value from SRAM, DRAM memory system is also used to sense the STT-MRAM memory. But use of conventional SA is prone to some error. Modified Sense Amplifier is designed to overcome the error produced from the conventional SA. It is compared with all the existing SA to get the performance details of the modified SA.Introduction -- Planar NMOS based STT-MRAM bit cell analysis and circuit designing -- Performance improvement using FINFET based STT-MRAM circuit design -- Logic-in-memory using CNT-FET based STT-MRAM bit cell and optimization -- Error free sense amplifier design for STT-MRAM nonvolatile memor

CLINICAL STUDY ON CHURNA BASTI ADMINISTERED IN MODIFIED KALA BASTI SCHEDULE IN AMAVATA

Amavata is most common debilitating joint disorder which makes the life of patient almost crippled. Amavata in the modern parlance can be correlated with Rheumatoid Arthritis which is a highly prevalent disease in the present life scenario due to the changing dietetic habits, social structure, environmental and mental stress. Ayurveda has a lot to offer in this regard. The Chikitsa explained for Amavata includes Shodhana as well as Shamana which includes Langhana, Deepana, Swedana, Virechana, Snehapana, Basti and Upanaha. Therefore, the study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of Churnabasti in modified Kalabasti schedule in the management of Amavata. Churna Basti yoga explained by Acharya Chakrapani comprises of drugs possessing Ushna & Teekshnagunas, Deepana-Pachana, Vata Kaphahara and Shula-Shothahara properties which may help in attaining Agnideepti, Laghutva, Nirama Lakshana and Shoolahara effect. Combination of Vaishwanara choorna, Rasna Saptaka Kashaya and Dhanyamla administered in Amavata is yielding beneficial effects as the ingredients possess the properties opposite to that of Amavata and therefore acts positively on the disease. The present study was planned based on this concept and statistically highly significant effects (P>0.0001) were observed in the various assessment parameters of Amavata such as Sandhishoola, Sandhishotha, Sandhistabdhata Sandhisparsa Asahyata etc. In overall effect of therapy maximum number of patients (40.12%) got marked improvement. Therefore, Churna Basti comprising of drugs possessing properties opposite to Ama can be considered as a good remedy in the management of Amavata

The Karmukata of Svedana Karma: A Critical Analysis

Traditional approach to health care and cure has been the basic concept of Panchakarma. The Panchakarma is a branch of Ayurveda and one of the oldest health systems in the world with wide acceptance among large segments of the population. Svedana which is a major procedure of Panchakarma acts unanimously as Purvakarma, Pradhana Karma and Pashchat Karma, fight against diseases and becoming more successful in achieving Samyavastha. By its versatility it shows its effectiveness in the diseases of almost all the system by mostly causing vasodilatation and improved general circulation leading to healthy return in the condition. Svedana is considered as Bahirparimarjana Chikitsa and one among the Sad-Upakrama. Svedana which is a major procedure of Panchakarma and it is subdivided into Purvakarma, Pradhana Karma and Pashchat Karma. It is an independent Upakarma, as a Purvakarma measures generally done after Deepana, Pachana and Snehana, before administration of Shodhana treatment, Svedana is a process to induce sweating artificially in a patient who had already undergone Snehana may be or may not be. The heat is generated directly (Saagni) or indirectly (Niragni). Svedana liquefies the Doshas, clears the obstruction of channels of circulation and directs the Doshas to selective places from where they can be expelled easily. In the Vedic era the use of Natural remedies like sun-rays, fire were advocated as remedy in many disorders and mentioned as destroyers of Rakshas i.e. microbes. The current status of Svedana which indicate fluid perspiration from the body by sun light and exercise or the sweating which brought about in the body by contact of heat

Management of Khalitya through Pracchana followed by Vanadhanyakadi Lepa - A Case Report

Alopecia is caused by androgen and genetic factors. Androgens cause hair follicles to shrink and eventually disappear if they are not addressed. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A 26-year-old male presented to the Panchakarma OPD Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, with complaints of gradual hair loss and scalp itching over a two-year period. It was diagnosed as a case of Khalitya and was treated with Udwartana to Shira Pradesha, Pracchana, and Lepa application. The Norman Hamilton scale, hair pull test and symptoms before and after treatment were used to evaluate the case. Following treatment, there was a significant reduction in symptoms and significant hair growth

Cortical suspensory endobutton versus aperture interference screw fixation for arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring graft: a prospective study

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a common injury which occurs in sports with an annual incidence of 68.6% per 100,000 population. Anatomic arthroscopic reconstruction remains the main stay treatment of ACL injury. Fixation of graft is classified as direct and indirect. To compare the stability of knee joint, complications in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by aperture interference screw fixation versus suspensory device fixation in femur. Methods: The randomized control study was conducted in department of orthopedics, The Oxford Medical College Hospital and RC from 2020-2021. 30 knees were operated, Ethical clearance taken and patient is followed up for six months. Results: The preoperative Tegner Lysholm knee score was poor in both groups. Post-op in interference screw group, 12 patients 80% had excellent functional outcome, 3 patients 20% had good outcome. In the Endbutton group, 11 patients (73%) had excellent outcome while 4 patients (27%) had good outcome. Conclusions: Suspensory device fixation gives equivalent results when compared to aperture screw fixation. complications of screw fixation were graft rupture cyst formation; complications of suspensory devices were loosening of graft and bungee cord effect. Hence, Both the techniques showed no statistical difference in post operative outcome

Cross-Project Fault Prediction using Artificial Intelligence

Software defect prediction project focuses on finding errors or flaws in software and aiming to improve accuracy which gives evolution batch with detectable results while adding to modern outcomes and advancement liability foretelling defective code regions can assist initiators with recognizing bugs and arrange their test activities. The percentage of groups providing the legitimate foretelling is fundamental for early identification

Role of Panchakarma intervention in Amlapitta (Gastritis): A Critical Review

Amlapiita is a very common disease of present era and a disease of Annavaha Strotas, and is commonly observed in these days of modernization and industrialization. 30% of the general population is suffering from gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastritis resulting in heartburn. It is very troublesome disease and can give rise to many serious problems if not treated in time. Signs and symptoms of Amlapiita are very similar to gastritis or hyperacidity. According to conventional medical science the most common causes of gastritis are H. pylori infections and prolonged use of NonSteroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS). Gastritis is believed to affect about half of people worldwide. In 2015 there were approximately 90 million new cases of this condition. As people get older the disease becomes more common. It, along with a similar condition in the first part of the intestines known as duodenitis, resulted in 50,000 deaths in 2017. The five procedure of Panchakarma done through several procedures purify the body system by removing morbid Doshas from the body. These purification methods are essential components of the curative management of these diseases that are not controlled by palliative management

Design of an Integrated, Six-Phase, Interleaved, Synchronous DC/DC Boost Converter on a Fuel-Cell-Powered Sport Catamaran

This paper describes the preliminary analysis, design and implementation phases of a DC/DC boost converter dedicated to the Futura catamaran propulsion chain developed by the UniBoAT team at the University of Bologna. The main goal of the project was the reduction of the converter’s weight by eliminating the use of heat sinks and by reducing the component size, especially inductors and capacitors. The obtained converter is directly integrated into the structure containing the fuel-cell stack. The realized converter was based on an interleaved architecture with six phases controlled through the average current mode control. The design was validated through simulations carried out using the LT-Spice software, whereas experimental validations were performed by means of both bench tests and on-field tests. Detailed thermal and efficiency analyses were provided with the bench tests under the two synchronous and non-synchronous operating modes and with the adoption of the phase-shedding technique. Prototype implementation and performance in real operating conditions are discussed in relation to on-field tests. The designed converter can be used in other applications requiring a voltage-controlled boost converter