OUT-OF-BODY EXPERIENCES AS PART OF NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES IN SAM PARNIA'S RESEARCH

This short research was written in the context of the course "paranormal phenomena", and deals with a topic that is difficult to categorize. On the one hand, the phenomenon of near-death experiences (NDE) is quite widespread, almost to the extent that it could be considered "normal" and take its place next to other unexplained experiences that a person can have in the context of various extreme physical conditions and which are continuously recorded in hospitals all over the world. On the other hand, the phenomenon of near-death experiences and within them that of the out-ofbody experience (OBE), escapes and exceeds the "normality" of other experiences that arise in extreme physical situations. For thousands of years humanity has been dealing with the subject of life after death and is looking to find evidence, answers and uncover even a little of the great secret of death. Man has always been interested in the nature of the soul, or in other words, consciousness. In the independence of the soul from the body. Here these two questions are intertwined in a mysterious phenomenon that leaves even doctors/researchers without answers that could be a little definitive

Design optimization of coil gun to improve muzzle velocity

Recently, a coil gun was brought to the attention of engineering community as electromagnetic alternative to the chemical launchers. Various studies were performed on coil gun systems focused on achieving the high muzzle velocity in military applications and for satellite launching. Most of these studies focused on improvement of muzzle velocity via increase in the size of the coil gun. Present paper describes the process of design optimization where the size of the coli gun system is restricted. The design of experiment approach utilizes the orthogonal array table that reduces the required number of experiments. The design of experiment is carried out with a commercial PIAnO tool, where the finite element analysis is performed at each experimental point. Then, Kriging model is created to achieve accurate approximation in problems of many design variables or strongly nonlinear model. The coil gun is optimally designed using an evolutionary algorithm (EA) as optimization technique. In order to verify the improvement of muzzle velocity by optimal design, the prototypes of coil gun system are manufactured and the experiments to launch the projectile are performed

2-D Equivalent finite element model of quadratic linear electromagnetic actuator

The purpose of this paper is to present a 2-D equivalent finite element model of a quadratic linear electromagnetic actuator that can save space and power as it does not employ an energy conversion system. A 2-D model, while being fairly accurate, is preferable to a 3-D finite element analysis for the design and analysis of a quadratic linear electromagnetic actuator as it requires significantly lower computing resources and results in faster calculations. We calculate the effective coil length for the equivalent 2-D finite element model and validate the accuracy of this model with experimental data

Formation of the Concept of the Emergence of the Russian Centralized State in the Soviet Historical Science of the 1920s — Early 1930s

В данной работе поднимается проблема формирования концептуального языка советской исторической науки, отразившийся на восприятии феномена государственного строительства на северо-востоке Руси в XV–XVI вв. Актуальность темы исследования определяется разработкой понятийного аппарата и дальнейшей эволюцией феномена до настоящего времени.This paper raises the problem of the formation of the conceptual language of Soviet historical science, reflected in the perception of the phenomenon of state-building in the North-East of Russia in the XV–XVI centuries. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the development of the conceptual apparatus and the further evolution of the phenomenon to the present time

Guided routing on spinning microfluidic platforms

Flow directionality, valving and liquid routing in centrifugal microfluidics (Lab-on-CD) are typically controlled by applying centrifugal and Coriolis forces and have been the subject of active research interest in recent years. Determining and switching the flow direction at a T-junction is a common fluidic operation important for implementing several chemical and clinical assays for Lab-on-CDs. The present work describes a novel approach to route samples and control flow direction on a spinning disc that employs a guiding microstructure that relies on a two-stage valve comprised of an auxiliary inlet, which is a recess embedded at a T-junction, and a bent auxiliary outlet. The distinctive feature that makes this approach different from other types of passive capillary valves is the strong control of liquid movement, which is achieved by employing two adjustable sequential burst valves called a primary valve and a secondary burst valve. The guiding method can be used to route samples and reagents at given flow rates to a selection of receiving reservoirs, which are determined by the spinning frequency of the disc. The technique also allows for the switching of the flow direction instantaneously from the direction along the disc rotation to the opposite direction by increasing the rotational speed of the disc rather than relying on the Coriolis force, which would require reversing the spin direction. The flow routing by the proposed technique has been studied theoretically, and the flow behavior has been numerically investigated. These studies have been experimentally validated for a wide range of capillary sizes and for various liquids including di-water, mixtures of water and ethanol and bovine serum albumin (BSA)

Design optimization of coil gun to improve muzzle velocity

Recently, a coil gun was brought to the attention of engineering community as electromagnetic alternative to the chemical launchers. Various studies were performed on coil gun systems focused on achieving the high muzzle velocity in military applications and for satellite launching. Most of these studies focused on improvement of muzzle velocity via increase in the size of the coil gun. Present paper describes the process of design optimization where the size of the coli gun system is restricted. The design of experiment approach utilizes the orthogonal array table that reduces the required number of experiments. The design of experiment is carried out with a commercial PIAnO tool, where the finite element analysis is performed at each experimental point. Then, Kriging model is created to achieve accurate approximation in problems of many design variables or strongly nonlinear model. The coil gun is optimally designed using an evolutionary algorithm (EA) as optimization technique. In order to verify the improvement of muzzle velocity by optimal design, the prototypes of coil gun system are manufactured and the experiments to launch the projectile are performed

Design optimization of coil gun to improve muzzle velocity

Recently, a coil gun was brought to the attention of engineering community as electromagnetic alternative to the chemical launchers. Various studies were performed on coil gun systems focused on achieving the high muzzle velocity in military applications and for satellite launching. Most of these studies focused on improvement of muzzle velocity via increase in the size of the coil gun. Present paper describes the process of design optimization where the size of the coli gun system is restricted. The design of experiment approach utilizes the orthogonal array table that reduces the required number of experiments. The design of experiment is carried out with a commercial PIAnO tool, where the finite element analysis is performed at each experimental point. Then, Kriging model is created to achieve accurate approximation in problems of many design variables or strongly nonlinear model. The coil gun is optimally designed using an evolutionary algorithm (EA) as optimization technique. In order to verify the improvement of muzzle velocity by optimal design, the prototypes of coil gun system are manufactured and the experiments to launch the projectile are performed

The effect of nitrogen deprivation on the growth, oil yields and fatty acid production of the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nitzchia sp. in laboratory cultures

Microalgal production of triglycerides and fatty acids plays an important role in some energy and pharmacological applications. Studies indicate that nitrogen deprivation of algal cultures could result in higher accumulation of nitrogen-poor carbon compounds such as polysaccharides and fats, a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis and decline in nitrogenous photosynthetic pigments or the reduction in thylakoid stacking and absorption. The aims of this study are to determine if changes in the nitrogen availability in the culture medium will affect the growth rate, oil yields and fatty acid composition of two species of diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nitzchia sp. Media were prepared with three different concentrations of nitrogen (as NaNO3), being 0.882 mM (100% of recommended concentration), 0.661 mM (75%) and 0.441 mM (50%). The 75% N-treated Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultures had lower maximum cell densities (11,496 * 103), but reached maximum cell density in a shorter time (8.33 days), had higher total oil yields (104.6 mg) and higher oil content as a percentage of cell mass (50.75%) than the 100% treatment. Similarity analysis and PERMANOVA indicate nitrogen had a significant effect on fatty acid profiles, particularly between the 50% and 100% N treatments. One of the more abundant fatty acids of existing industrial significance is eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Production of this compound declined significantly with declining nitrogen availability. Due to low growth rates in all Nitzchia sp. cultures, insufficient biomass could be produced to provide multiple replicate extractions for quantitative statistical comparisons and replicates were pooled to provide a single extract for gas chromatograph analysis. The 100% N-treated culture of Nitzchia sp. reached highest maximum cell densities (4,965 *103) and highest percentages of oil per cell mass (37.62%). However, the 50% N-treated Nitzchia sp. cultures produced higher total oil yields (176.9 mg) than both 100% and 75% N-treated Nitzchia sp. cells (161.0 mg and 135.3, respectively). The 50% N-treated Nitzchia sp. were the only cultures to produce 11, 14, 17- eicosatrienoic (0.0122 mg *mL-1 n-hexane), lignoceric acid (0.0149 mg*mL-1 n-hexane) and tridecanoic acid (0.00183 mg *mL-1 n-hexane). As in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the 100% Ntreated Nitzchia sp. cells produced the highest concentration of EPA (1.68 mg*mL-1 n-hexane). The results show that, depending on the objectives of the culturing and the nature of the industry, total oil production could be increased by some reduction in the nitrogen levels of the culture medium. This could also influence the financial feasibility of such projects. However, nitrogen limitation reduces production of some oils of industrial significance and reduces the biomass of cells that are maintained by the culture medium. Optimising oil production will therefore require a balance between supporting cell growth and stimulating total oil yields, but for some particular oils, maximising growth will also maximise yield