Changes In The Rules For Granting State Aid To Enterprises In The European Union

The purpose of this paper is to present the directions of allocation of state aid in the EU countries during 2000-2011, and answer the question whether the resolutions contained in the Lisbon Strategy have been implemented. The research hypothesis is: have the changes in the size, direction and allocation of state aid taken place in accordance with the resolutions of the Lisbon Strategy.Celem przeprowadzonej analizy jest odpowiedź na pytanie, w jakim stopniu postanowienia Strategii Lizbońskiej w odniesieniu do pomocy publicznej są realizowane w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. Sformułować można następującą hipotezę badawczą: obserwowane w ostatnich latach zmiany w wielkości, kierunkach alokacji oraz formach pomocy publicznej są zgodne z wytycznymi Strategii Lizbońskiej w odniesieniu do pomocy publicznej

Energy policy of Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is the fourth smallest country in Europe, which determines the low economic importance of this country on the international arena. Therefore, Liechtenstein is usually overlooked in the analysis of economic policies in various countries, including the energy sector. However, the analysis of such a small country brings a valuable complement to researches on potential and challenges with regard to the implementation of energy transformation policy especially taking into account the countries with poor capabilities. It should be emphasised that due to difficult geographical conditions and strong external influences, deepened analysis of the process of formulating energy policy in Liechtenstein should arouse the interest of those countries that suffer geographical disadvantages to strengthen their energy security

Fundusze strukturalne jako instrument wspierania przedsiębiorstw

In the moment of the accession to the European Union Poland became one of the greater incumbents of the help originating from EU’s sources. The wide of help causes that businessmen, territorial autonomies, engaged, unemployed persons and Departments of Labour can profit financial aid. At present EU funds arc accessible in two forms: community programmes and structural funds. The access of firms to structural funds and many community programmes make possible among other things the increase of competitiveness, of research and the initiation of new technological solutions, strengthening of ties between the R&D sections and companies, initiation of ecological investment and professional schooling of workers. Whether these resources will become effectively used and will contribute to the realization of the basic EU’s aim it will depend to great extend on the companies itself. The purpose of this article is to show and up to date use of these funds for Polish firms in the first period of the programming (2004-2006).Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Pomoc publiczna jako instrument wspierania polskich przedsiębiorstw w okresie kryzysu finansowego

Economic crises affect all micro- and macroeconomic areas. Particularly vulnerable to unfavorable changes are enterprises where crisis situations are present. They are reflected by falling sales and profitability, increased debt, decreased liquidity and creditability, and inability to pay obligations. In situations of crisis enterprises are often unable to cope with these problems on their own. Then, the state helps enterprises with “soft financing”. The purpose of this paper is to present the state support for entrepreneurs in times of economic crisis in Poland between 2000 and 2010. This paper will be subject to verify three research hypotheses: 1. In a period of recession the intensity of state aid is increasing. 2. Economic crisis leads to changes in financing of state aid – increasing the share of passive forms. 3. Economic downturn leads to reallocation of state aid trends – increase the importance of aid for rescue and restructuring, as well as R&D (R&D&I) and the labor market

Regional Differences in Innovation Activities of Industrial Enterprises in Poland

The aim of this paper is to examine regional differences in innovation activities of Polish enterprises in 2004-2010 on the basis of statistical data published by the CSO. The survey covered such issues as: expenditures on innovation activities (level and structure), the share of innovation-active enterprises, the types of innovations, as well as the objectives and effects of innovation policy. The analysis shows that: the level of innovativeness of the Polish economy is still underdeveloped, the innovation structure is wrong (companies allocate most of their funds in the purchase of fixed assets, and only about 10% on R&D), Polish companies are selling too few (and ever fewer) innovative products. The disparities between the expenditure on innovative activities in different voivodeships are significant. Three groups of voivodeships can be distinguished – highly innovative (Lower Silesian, Masovian, Pomeranian, Silesian), moderately innovative, and poorly innovative (Podlaskie, Swietokrzyskie, Warmian-Masurian, Lubush, Opolskie and West Pomeranian). In addition, the disparities between the most and least innovative voivodeships are increasing

Adaptacja kulturowa małżeństw mieszanych i tożsamość kulturowa małżonków na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w Polsce

Article presents some research’s results on cultural adaptation of mixed marriages in Poland. It uses model of cultural adaptation created by Berry. The results show that the most frequent cultural adaptation strategy among researched mixed marriages couples is integration. However the bicultural identity does not follow the chosen accultura- tion strategy.Artykuł przedstawia wybrane wyniki badań adaptacji kulturowej mał- żeństw mieszanych w Polsce. Badanie opiera się na modelu adaptacji kulturowej Berry’ego. Najczęściej wybieraną przez badanych strategią akulturacyjną jest integracja. Jednak tożsamość dwukulturowa poja- wia się wśród badanych tylko w kilku przypadkach

THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL DOWNTURN ON THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE SME SECTOR IN POLAND

Small and medium-sized enterprises play a leading role in modern economies — they create more than 50% of GDP, employ over 70% of people and are a major source of entrepreneurship (more than 99% of entities belongs to the SME sector). The changes in the socio-economic system, initiated in Poland at the turn of 1989 and 1990, became the foundation for the development of entrepreneurship. Nowadays, companies from the SME sector have dominated the market over time and play a key role in the Polish economy. Small and medium-sized companies dominate in the domestic economy as they account for almost 99.9% of all enterprises. Their role in creating GDP is increasing — over the last 25 years, the share of SMEs’ production in GDP almost doubled. The impact of the SME sector on the national economy can be also described through its participation in the creation of jobs. The SME sector is a major employer, employing more than 7.8 mln workers. Therefore, it is important to examine the condition of small and medium-sized enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the economic downturn on the financial condition of Polish non-financial SME companies. The survey covered such issues as: the number of active enterprises, number of persons employed and employees, revenues and production, profitability indicators, salaries and labour productivity. The analyses were performed over the period 2003–2013. Data were obtained from Central Statistical Office of Poland

Reading comprehension of czech pupils at the beginning of primary school: comparison betweenanalytic-synthetic and genetic methods

In Czech schools two teaching methods of reading are used: the analytic-synthetic (conventional) and genetic (created in the 1990s). They differ in theoretical foundations and in methodology. The aim of this paper is to describe the above mentioned theoretical approaches and present the results of study that followed the differences in the development of initial reading skills between these methods. A total of 452 first grade children (age 6-8) were assessed by a battery of reading tests at the beginning and at the end of the first grade and at the beginning of the second grade. 350 pupils participated all three times. Based on data analysis the developmental dynamics of reading skills in both methods and the main differences in several aspects of reading abilities (e.g. the speed of reading, reading technique, error rate in reading) are described. The main focus is on the reading comprehension development. Results show that pupils instructed using genetic approach scored significantly better on used reading comprehension tests, especially in the first grade. Statistically significant differences occurred between classes independently of each method. Therefore, other factors such as teacher´s role and class composition are discussed

Wstęp

Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę