Vakcinační politika EU

Bakalářská práce se s ohledem na období, kdy vznikala, byl stanoven hlavní cíl, a to analyzovat dokumenty, jak primární, tak dat již sekundárně vytvořených. A na základě této analýzy popsat vakcinační politiku EU a aktivity s ní spojené. Tato práce se zejména soustředí na období od vypuknutí pandemie do současné doby, tj. od roku 2020 do roku 2023. Nabízí i pohled na dobu před rokem 2020 a představuje, jak byla Evropská unie připravena na podobnou situaci. Reprezentuje institucionální stanovisko k této krizi od samého začátku. Do záležitostí veřejného zdraví se bezprecedentně zapojila výkonná moc EU a se souhlasem členských států na sebe Evropská komise přebrala roli pomyslného centra v boji proti nemoci Covid-19. Práce detailně popisuje celý mechanismus vakcinační strategie, ve kterém se výrazně odráží priority a cíle EU. Z vakcinační strategie vychází hned několik témat, která jsou pro EU podstatná. Investice do výzkumu vakcín, spolupráce s členskými státy s cílem získat účinné vakcinační látky a globální solidarita. Na výše zmíněná témata nabízí práce kritickou reflexi, představuje překážky i úspěchy s nimi spojené.ObhájenoConsidering the period in which the thesis was written, the main objective of the thesis was to analyse documents, both primary and secondary data. And on the basis of this analysis, to describe the EU vaccination policy and the activities related to it. In particular, this work focuses on the period from the outbreak of the pandemic to the present, i.e. from 2020 to 2023. It also offers a view of the period before 2020 and presents how the European Union was prepared for a similar situation. It represents the institutional position on this crisis from the outset. The EU executive has become involved in public health matters in an unprecedented way and, with the agreement of the Member States, the European Commission has taken on the role of the imaginary centre in the fight against Covid-19. Several themes of relevance to the EU emerge from the vaccination strategy. Investment in vaccine research, cooperation with Member States to obtain effective vaccines and global solidarity. The paper offers a critical reflection on the above themes, presenting the obstacles and successes associated with them

Microevolution of Group A Streptococci In Vivo: Capturing Regulatory Networks Engaged in Sociomicrobiology, Niche Adaptation, and Hypervirulence

The onset of infection and the switch from primary to secondary niches are dramatic environmental changes that not only alter bacterial transcriptional programs, but also perturb their sociomicrobiology, often driving minor subpopulations with mutant phenotypes to prevail in specific niches. Having previously reported that M1T1 Streptococcus pyogenes become hypervirulent in mice due to selection of mutants in the covRS regulatory genes, we set out to dissect the impact of these mutations in vitro and in vivo from the impact of other adaptive events. Using a murine subcutaneous chamber model to sample the bacteria prior to selection or expansion of mutants, we compared gene expression dynamics of wild type (WT) and previously isolated animal-passaged (AP) covS mutant bacteria both in vitro and in vivo, and we found extensive transcriptional alterations of pathoadaptive and metabolic gene sets associated with invasion, immune evasion, tissue-dissemination, and metabolic reprogramming. In contrast to the virulence-associated differences between WT and AP bacteria, Phenotype Microarray analysis showed minor in vitro phenotypic differences between the two isogenic variants. Additionally, our results reflect that WT bacteria's rapid host-adaptive transcriptional reprogramming was not sufficient for their survival, and they were outnumbered by hypervirulent covS mutants with SpeB−/Sdahigh phenotype, which survived up to 14 days in mice chambers. Our findings demonstrate the engagement of unique regulatory modules in niche adaptation, implicate a critical role for bacterial genetic heterogeneity that surpasses transcriptional in vivo adaptation, and portray the dynamics underlying the selection of hypervirulent covS mutants over their parental WT cells

The atomic simulation environment — a python library for working with atoms

The Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) is a software package written in the Python programming language with the aim of setting up, steering, and analyzing atomistic simula- tions. In ASE, tasks are fully scripted in Python. The powerful syntax of Python combined with the NumPy array library make it possible to perform very complex simulation tasks. For example, a sequence of calculations may be performed with the use of a simple "for-loop" construction. Calculations of energy, forces, stresses and other quantities are performed through interfaces to many external electronic structure codes or force fields using a uniform interface. On top of this calculator interface, ASE provides modules for performing many standard simulation tasks such as structure optimization, molecular dynamics, handling of constraints and performing nudged elastic band calculations

The RAST Server: Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The number of prokaryotic genome sequences becoming available is growing steadily and is growing faster than our ability to accurately annotate them.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>We describe a fully automated service for annotating bacterial and archaeal genomes. The service identifies protein-encoding, rRNA and tRNA genes, assigns functions to the genes, predicts which subsystems are represented in the genome, uses this information to reconstruct the metabolic network and makes the output easily downloadable for the user. In addition, the annotated genome can be browsed in an environment that supports comparative analysis with the annotated genomes maintained in the SEED environment.</p> <p>The service normally makes the annotated genome available within 12–24 hours of submission, but ultimately the quality of such a service will be judged in terms of accuracy, consistency, and completeness of the produced annotations. We summarize our attempts to address these issues and discuss plans for incrementally enhancing the service.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>By providing accurate, rapid annotation freely to the community we have created an important community resource. The service has now been utilized by over 120 external users annotating over 350 distinct genomes.</p

The Subsystems Approach to Genome Annotation and its Use in the Project to Annotate 1000 Genomes

The release of the 1000(th) complete microbial genome will occur in the next two to three years. In anticipation of this milestone, the Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes (FIG) launched the Project to Annotate 1000 Genomes. The project is built around the principle that the key to improved accuracy in high-throughput annotation technology is to have experts annotate single subsystems over the complete collection of genomes, rather than having an annotation expert attempt to annotate all of the genes in a single genome. Using the subsystems approach, all of the genes implementing the subsystem are analyzed by an expert in that subsystem. An annotation environment was created where populated subsystems are curated and projected to new genomes. A portable notion of a populated subsystem was defined, and tools developed for exchanging and curating these objects. Tools were also developed to resolve conflicts between populated subsystems. The SEED is the first annotation environment that supports this model of annotation. Here, we describe the subsystem approach, and offer the first release of our growing library of populated subsystems. The initial release of data includes 180 177 distinct proteins with 2133 distinct functional roles. This data comes from 173 subsystems and 383 different organisms

Optimal Timing of Administration of Direct-Acting Antivirals for Patients with Hepatitis C-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Liver Transplantation

Objective: To investigate the optimal timing of direct acting antiviral (DAA) administration in patients with hepatitis C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing liver transplantation (LT). Summary of Background Data: In patients with hepatitis C (HCV) associated HCC undergoing LT, the optimal timing of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) administration to achieve sustained virologic response (SVR) and improved oncologic outcomes remains a topic of much debate. Methods: The United States HCC LT Consortium (2015–2019) was reviewed for patients with primary HCV-associated HCC who underwent LT and received DAA therapy at 20 institutions. Primary outcomes were SVR and HCC recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results: Of 857 patients, 725 were within Milan criteria. SVR was associated with improved 5-year RFS (92% vs 77%, P < 0.01). Patients who received DAAs pre-LT, 0–3 months post-LT, and ≥3 months post-LT had SVR rates of 91%, 92%, and 82%, and 5-year RFS of 93%, 94%, and 87%, respectively. Among 427 HCV treatment-naïve patients (no previous interferon therapy), patients who achieved SVR with DAAs had improved 5-year RFS (93% vs 76%, P < 0.01). Patients who received DAAs pre-LT, 0–3 months post-LT, and ≥3 months post-LT had SVR rates of 91%, 93%, and 78% (P < 0.01) and 5-year RFS of 93%, 100%, and 83% (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The optimal timing of DAA therapy appears to be 0 to 3 months after LT for HCV-associated HCC, given increased rates of SVR and improved RFS. Delayed administration after transplant should be avoided. A prospective randomized controlled trial is warranted to validate these results

Vakcinační politika EU

Bakalářská práce se s ohledem na období, kdy vznikala, byl stanoven hlavní cíl, a to analyzovat dokumenty, jak primární, tak dat již sekundárně vytvořených. A na základě této analýzy popsat vakcinační politiku EU a aktivity s ní spojené. Tato práce se zejména soustředí na období od vypuknutí pandemie do současné doby, tj. od roku 2020 do roku 2023. Nabízí i pohled na dobu před rokem 2020 a představuje, jak byla Evropská unie připravena na podobnou situaci. Reprezentuje institucionální stanovisko k této krizi od samého začátku. Do záležitostí veřejného zdraví se bezprecedentně zapojila výkonná moc EU a se souhlasem členských států na sebe Evropská komise přebrala roli pomyslného centra v boji proti nemoci Covid-19. Práce detailně popisuje celý mechanismus vakcinační strategie, ve kterém se výrazně odráží priority a cíle EU. Z vakcinační strategie vychází hned několik témat, která jsou pro EU podstatná. Investice do výzkumu vakcín, spolupráce s členskými státy s cílem získat účinné vakcinační látky a globální solidarita. Na výše zmíněná témata nabízí práce kritickou reflexi, představuje překážky i úspěchy s nimi spojené.ObhájenoConsidering the period in which the thesis was written, the main objective of the thesis was to analyse documents, both primary and secondary data. And on the basis of this analysis, to describe the EU vaccination policy and the activities related to it. In particular, this work focuses on the period from the outbreak of the pandemic to the present, i.e. from 2020 to 2023. It also offers a view of the period before 2020 and presents how the European Union was prepared for a similar situation. It represents the institutional position on this crisis from the outset. The EU executive has become involved in public health matters in an unprecedented way and, with the agreement of the Member States, the European Commission has taken on the role of the imaginary centre in the fight against Covid-19. Several themes of relevance to the EU emerge from the vaccination strategy. Investment in vaccine research, cooperation with Member States to obtain effective vaccines and global solidarity. The paper offers a critical reflection on the above themes, presenting the obstacles and successes associated with them

Construction waterproofing handbook

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