Big Data – kihívások és kockázatok

Absztrakt A „Big Data” az utóbbi időben gyakran használt kifejezés, amely arra utal, hogy egyre nagyobb digitális információtömeg keletkezik. Ezen információk összekapcsolásával, feldolgozásával és elemzésével újfajta következtetések vonhatók le, és új szolgáltatások alapulhatnak rájuk. Ez kihatással van az élet minden területére, többek közt az egészségügyre is. A szerzők áttekintik a Big Data alkalmazási lehetőségeit az orvostudományból és más területekről vett példák segítségével. A lehetőségek jobb kihasználásához szükség van megfelelő infrastruktúrára, a szükséges szabályozási környezet kialakítására, különös hangsúllyal az adatvédelmi és adatbiztonsági kérdésekre. E problémákat és a megoldásukra tett intézkedéseket is bemutatják a szerzők. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(49), 1979–1986

HOMO–HOMO Electron Transfer : An Elegant Strategy for p-Type Doping of Polymer Semiconductors toward Thermoelectric Applications

Unlike the conventional p‐doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) using acceptors, here, an efficient doping concept for diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based polymer PDPP[T]$_{2}$‐EDOT (OSC‐1) is presented using an oxidized p‐type semiconductor, Spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)$_{2}$ (OSC‐2), exploiting electron transfer from HOMO$_{OSC-1}$ to HOMO$_{OSC-2}$. A shift of work function toward the HOMO$_{OSC-1}$ upon doping is confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Detailed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis–NIR absorption studies confirm HOMO$_{OSC-1}$ to HOMO$_{OSC-2}$ electron transfer. The reduction products of Spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)$_{2}$ to Spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI) and Spiro‐OMeTAD is also confirmed and their relative amounts in doped samples is determined. Mott–Schottky analysis shows two orders of magnitude increase in free charge carrier density and one order of magnitude increase in the charge carrier mobility. The conductivity increases considerably by four orders of magnitude to a maximum of 10 S m$^{-1}$ for a very low doping ratio of 8 mol%. The doped polymer films exhibit high thermal and ambient stability resulting in a maximum power factor of 0.07 µW m$^{-1}$ K$^{-2}$ at a Seebeck coefficient of 140 µV K$^{-1}$ for a very low doping ratio of 4 mol%. Also, the concept of HOMO$_{OSC-1}$ to HOMO$_{OSC-2}$ electron transfer is a highly efficient, stable and generic way to p‐dope other conjugated polymers

Cord Blood Vα24-Vβ11+ Natural Killer T Cells Display a Th2-Chemokine Receptor Profile and Cytokine Responses

Background: The fetal immune system is characterized by a Th2 bias but it is unclear how the Th2 predominance is established. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a rare subset of T cells with immune regulatory functions and are already activated in utero. To test the hypothesis that NKT cells are part of the regulatory network that sets the fetal Th2 predominance, percentages of Vα24(+)Vβ11(+) NKT cells expressing Th1/Th2-related chemokine receptors (CKR) were assessed in cord blood. Furthermore, IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting NKT cells were quantified within the single CKR(+) subsets. Results: Cord blood NKT cells expressed the Th2-related CCR4 and CCR8 at significantly higher frequencies compared to peripheral blood NKT cells from adults, while CXCR3+ and CCR5+ cord blood NKT cells (Th1-related) were present at lower percentages. Within CD4negCD8neg (DN) NKT cells, the frequency of IL-4 producing NKT cells was significantly higher in cord blood, while frequencies of IFN-γ secreting DN NKT cells tended to be lower. A further subanalysis showed that the higher percentage of IL-4 secreting DN NKT cells was restricted to CCR3+, CCR4+, CCR5+, CCR6+, CCR7+, CCR8+ and CXCR4+ DN subsets in cord blood. This resulted in significantly decreased IFN-γ /IL-4 ratios of CCR3+, CCR6+ and CCR8+ cord blood DN NKT cells. Sequencing of VA24AJ18 T cell receptor (TCR) transcripts in sorted cord blood Vα24Vβ11 cells confirmed the invariant TCR alpha-chain ruling out the possibility that these cells represent an unusual subset of conventional T cells. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity of cord blood NKT cells, we observed a clear Th2-bias at the phenotypic and functional level which was mainly found in the DN subset. Therefore, we speculate that NKT cells are important for the initiation and control of the fetal Th2 environment which is needed to maintain tolerance towards self-antigens as well as non-inherited maternal antigens

Early life determinants induce sustainable changes in the gut microbiome of six-year-old children

While the association between early life determinants and the development of the gut microbiome composition in infancy has been widely investigated, a potential persistent influence of early life determinants on the gut microbial community after its stabilization at later childhood remains largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to identify the association between several early life determinants and the gut microbiome composition in six-year-old children from the LISA birth cohort. A total number of 166 fecal samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-based barcoding to assess bacterial diversity pattern. The bacterial profiles were investigated for their association with maternal smoking during pregnancy, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, antibiotic treatment between one and two years of age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES). While alpha and beta diversity of the infants' gut microbiome remained unaffected, amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) annotated to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria responded to early life determinants, mostly to feeding practice and antibiotics use. ASVs associated to Bacteriodetes remained unaffected. Our findings indicate that early life determinants could have a long-term sustainable effect on the gut microflora of six-year-old children, however, associations with early life determinates are weaker than reported for infants

Recent Progress in the Golem Project

We report on the current status of the Golem project which aims at the construction of a general one-loop evaluator for matrix elements. We construct the one-loop matrix elements from Feynman diagrams in a highly automated way and provide a library for the reduction and numerically stable evaluation of the tensor integrals involved in this approach. Furthermore, we present applications to physics processes relevant for the LHC.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, contrib. to proceedings of "Loops and Legs in Quantum Field Theory", 10th DESY Workshop on Elementary Particle Theory, 25-30 April 2010, Woerlitz, German

All-optical routing and switching for three-dimensional photonic circuitry

The ability to efficiently transmit and rapidly process huge amounts of data has become almost indispensable to our daily lives. It turned out that all-optical networks provide a very promising platform to deal with this task. Within such networks opto-optical switches, where light is directed by light, are a crucial building block for an effective operation. In this article, we present an experimental analysis of the routing and switching behaviour of light in two-dimensional evanescently coupled waveguide arrays of Y- and T-junction geometries directly inscribed into fused silica using ultrashort laser pulses. These systems have the fundamental advantage of supporting three-dimensional network topologies, thereby breaking the limitations on complexity associated with planar structures while maintaining a high dirigibility of the light. Our results show how such arrays can be used to control the flow of optical signals within integrated photonic circuits

Les Houches 2013: Physics at TeV Colliders: Standard Model Working Group Report

This Report summarizes the proceedings of the 2013 Les Houches workshop on Physics at TeV Colliders. Session 1 dealt primarily with (1) the techniques for calculating standard model multi-leg NLO and NNLO QCD and NLO EW cross sections and (2) the comparison of those cross sections with LHC data from Run 1, and projections for future measurements in Run 2.Comment: Proceedings of the Standard Model Working Group of the 2013 Les Houches Workshop, Physics at TeV Colliders, Les houches 3-21 June 2013. 200 page

Invasions by Eurasian Avian Influenza Virus H6 Genes and Replacement of Its North American Clade

This study showed frequent cross-hemisphere virus movement, which can affect the risk posed to poultry and humans

Les Houches 2015: Physics at TeV Colliders Standard Model Working Group Report

This Report summarizes the proceedings of the 2015 Les Houches workshop on Physics at TeV Colliders. Session 1 dealt with (I) new developments relevant for high precision Standard Model calculations, (II) the new PDF4LHC parton distributions, (III) issues in the theoretical description of the production of Standard Model Higgs bosons and how to relate experimental measurements, (IV) a host of phenomenological studies essential for comparing LHC data from Run I with theoretical predictions and projections for future measurements in Run II, and (V) new developments in Monte Carlo event generators.Comment: Proceedings of the Standard Model Working Group of the 2015 Les Houches Workshop, Physics at TeV Colliders, Les Houches 1-19 June 2015. 227 page

The SM and NLO multileg working group: Summary report

This report summarizes the activities of the SM and NLO Multileg Working Group of the Workshop "Physics at TeV Colliders", Les Houches, France 8-26 June, 2009.Comment: 169 pages, Report of the SM and NLO Multileg Working Group for the Workshop "Physics at TeV Colliders", Les Houches, France 8-26 June, 200