An exploratory study of sexual harassment in Pakistani organizations

Despite prior research on the influence of national regulatory and cultural factors on sexual harassment (SH) at the workplace, few studies have examined SH, its impact on victims and redress processes in Muslim majority countries (MMCs) such as Pakistan. This study uses neo-institutional theory to develop a more comprehensive framework to explore SH experienced by women at the workplace in Pakistan. Qualitative methodology is adopted to examine employees’ and managers’ perceptions of SH. Drawing on interviews with working women and human resource managers in six Pakistani organisations, the study demonstrates that even when there are formal policies designed to prevent SH, cultural factors influence policy implementation. It reveals that there is a tension between traditional culture and behaviour consistent with SH policies in the workplace. The study identifies three major factors which influence SH redressal; these are socio-cultural factors (e.g. female modesty), institutional factors (e.g. inappropriate redress procedures), and managerial expertise/ bias

From Forbidden Coronal Lines to Meaningful Coronal Magnetic Fields

We review methods to measure magnetic fields within the corona using the polarized light in magnetic-dipole (M1) lines. We are particularly interested in both the global magnetic-field evolution over a solar cycle, and the local storage of magnetic free energy within coronal plasmas. We address commonly held skepticisms concerning angular ambiguities and line-of-sight confusion. We argue that ambiguities are in principle no worse than more familiar remotely sensed photospheric vector-fields, and that the diagnosis of M1 line data would benefit from simultaneous observations of EUV lines. Based on calculations and data from eclipses, we discuss the most promising lines and different approaches that might be used. We point to the S-like [Fe {\sc XI}] line (J=2 to J=1) at 789.2nm as a prime target line (for ATST for example) to augment the hotter 1074.7 and 1079.8 nm Si-like lines of [Fe {\sc XIII}] currently observed by the Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP). Significant breakthroughs will be made possible with the new generation of coronagraphs, in three distinct ways: (i) through single point inversions (which encompasses also the analysis of MHD wave modes), (ii) using direct comparisons of synthetic MHD or force-free models with polarization data, and (iii) using tomographic techniques.Comment: Accepted by Solar Physics, April 201

Phase Diagram of Metal-Insulator Transition in System with Anderson-Hubbard Centers

The model of a strongly correlated system in which periodically spaced Anderson-Hubbard centers are introduced into narrow-band metal is considered. Besides the interactions between localized magnetic moments and strong on-site Coulomb interaction, the model takes into account the hybridization of localized and band states. To study the efect of the lattice deformation on the electrical properties of the system the phonon term and elastic energy have been taken into account. Green functions for band and localized electrons have been found. On this base, the energy spectrum has been investigated as function of model parameters, temperature and external pressure. The criterion of metal-insulator transition for integer value of electron concentration has been derived and the phase diagram of the metal-insulator transition has been built.Comment: presented at 12 International Simposium on Physics of Materials, Prague 4-8.09.201

3D Coronal Density Reconstruction and Retrieving the Magnetic Field Structure during Solar Minimum

Measurement of the coronal magnetic field is a crucial ingredient in understanding the nature of solar coronal phenomena at all scales. We employed STEREO/COR1 data obtained during a deep minimum of solar activity in February 2008 (Carrington rotation CR 2066) to retrieve and analyze the three-dimensional (3D) coronal electron density in the range of heights from 1.5 to 4 Rsun using a tomography method. With this, we qualitatively deduced structures of the coronal magnetic field. The 3D electron density analysis is complemented by the 3D STEREO/EUVI emissivity in the 195 A band obtained by tomography for the same CR. A global 3D MHD model of the solar corona was used to relate the reconstructed 3D density and emissivity to open/closed magnetic field structures. We show that the density maximum locations can serve as an indicator of current sheet position, while the locations of the density gradient maximum can be a reliable indicator of coronal hole boundaries. We find that the magnetic field configuration during CR 2066 has a tendency to become radially open at heliocentric distances greater than 2.5 Rsun. We also find that the potential field model with a fixed source surface (PFSS) is inconsistent with the boundaries between the regions with open and closed magnetic field structures. This indicates that the assumption of the potential nature of the coronal global magnetic field is not satisfied even during the deep solar minimum. Results of our 3D density reconstruction will help to constrain solar coronal field models and test the accuracy of the magnetic field approximations for coronal modeling.Comment: Published in "Solar Physics

New primary renal diagnosis codes for the ERA-EDTA

The European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry has produced a new set of primary renal diagnosis (PRD) codes that are intended for use by affiliated registries. It is designed specifically for use in renal centres and registries but is aligned with international coding standards supported by the WHO (International Classification of Diseases) and the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (SNOMED Clinical Terms). It is available as supplementary material to this paper and free on the internet for non-commercial, clinical, quality improvement and research use, and by agreement with the ERA-EDTA Registry for use by commercial organizations. Conversion between the old and the new PRD codes is possible. The new codes are very flexible and will be actively managed to keep them up-to-date and to ensure that renal medicine can remain at the forefront of the electronic revolution in medicine, epidemiology research and the use of decision support systems to improve the care of patients

Ancient agricultural and pastoral landscapes on the south side of lake Issyk-Kul: preliminary surveys of the Juuku Valley and Lower Kizil Suu Valley, archaeobotanical results of three stratigraphic profiles, and GIS modeling of Iron Age in Lower Kizil Suu

The main goal of this paper is to present results of preliminary archaeological research on the south side of Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan. We test the hypothesis that agropastoral land use changed over four millennia from the Bronze Age through the ethnographic Kirghiz period due to economic, socio-political, and religious changes in the prehistoric and historic societies of this region. Our research objectives are to: (1) describe and analyze survey results from Lower Kizil Suu Valley; (2) discuss the results of radiometric and archaeobotanical samples taken from three stratigraphic profiles from three settlements from the Juuku Valley, including these chronological periods: the Wusun period (200 to 400 CE), the Qarakhanid period (1100 to 1200 CE), and the ethnographic Kirghiz period (1700 to 1900 CE); and (3) conduct preliminary GIS spatial analyses on the Iron Age mortuary remains (Saka and Wusun period). This research emerges out of the first archaeological surveys conducted in 2019 - 2021 and includes the Lower Kizil Suu alluvial fan; it is an initial step toward developing a model for agropastoral land use for upland valleys of the Inner Tian Shan Mountains.1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area 2.2. Description of Survey Methods 2.3. Stratigraphic Profiles at Juuku Valley settlements 2.4. Radiometric Dating 2.5. Archaeobotanical Methods 2.6. GIS Methods for Spatial Analysis 3. Results 3.1. Survey results 3.2. Stratigraphic Profiles 3.2.1. Profile at Site-EJS1 (Wusun Period Settlement) 3.2.2. Profile at Site-EJS2 (Qarakhanid Period Settlement) 3.3. Results of Radiometric Dating 3.4. Results of Archaeobotanical Analyses 3.4.1. Site-EJS1 (Eastern Juuku – Settlement-1) 3.4.2. Site-EJS2 (Eastern Juuku – Settlement-2) 3.4.3. Site-LJS3 (Lower Juuku – Settlement-2) 3.5. Results of the GIS Spatial Analyses 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion

Intruder in a two-dimensional granular system: statics and dynamics of force networks in an experimental system experiencing stick-slip dynamics

In quasi-two-dimensional experiments with photoelastic particles confined to an annular region, an intruder constrained to move in a circular path halfway between the annular walls experiences stick-slip dynamics. We discuss the response of the granular medium to the driven intruder, focusing on the evolution of the force network during sticking periods. Because the available experimental data does not include precise information about individual contact forces, we use an approach developed in our previous work (Basak et al, J. Eng. Mechanics (2021)) based on networks constructed from measurements of the integrated strain magnitude on each particle. These networks are analyzed using topological measures based on persistence diagrams, revealing that force networks evolve smoothly but in a nontrivial manner throughout each sticking period, even though the intruder and granular particles are stationary. Characteristic features of persistence diagrams show identifiable changes as a slip is approaching, indicating the existence of slip precursors. Key features of the dynamics are similar for granular materials composed of disks or pentagons, but some details are consistently different. In particular, we find significantly larger fluctuations of the measures computed based on persistence diagrams, and therefore of the underlying networks, for systems of pentagonal particles

Polarimetric Properties of Flux-Ropes and Sheared Arcades in Coronal Prominence Cavities

The coronal magnetic field is the primary driver of solar dynamic events. Linear and circular polarization signals of certain infrared coronal emission lines contain information about the magnetic field, and to access this information, either a forward or an inversion method must be used. We study three coronal magnetic configurations that are applicable to polar-crown filament cavities by doing forward calculations to produce synthetic polarization data. We analyze these forward data to determine the distinguishing characteristics of each model. We conclude that it is possible to distinguish between cylindrical flux ropes, spheromak flux ropes, and sheared arcades using coronal polarization measurements. If one of these models is found to be consistent with observational measurements, it will mean positive identification of the magnetic morphology that surrounds certain quiescent filaments, which will lead to a greater understanding of how they form and why they erupt.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, Solar Physics topical issue: Coronal Magnetis