Beloningsverschillen tussen mannelijke en vrouwelijke managers

Item does not contain fulltextVrouwen zijn er in de afgelopen decennia steeds beter in geslaagd hoge posities op de arbeidsmarkt te verwerven. Een kwestie die daarmee samenhangt is of vrouwen in deze hogere functies ook gelijkelijk beloond worden. Om hierover meer duidelijkheid te verkrijgen, is in deze studie het uurloon van vrouwelijke en mannelijke managers vergeleken en is nagegaan waar optredende beloningsverschillen aan te wijten zijn. De analyses laten zien dat vrouwelijke managers gemiddeld zo'n ƒ 26,- per uur verdienen, ruim ƒ 13,- minder dan hun mannelijke tegenpolen. Deze beloningsachterstand is zowel in absolute als in relatieve zin groter dan in de rest van de werkzame bevolking. In dit artikel gaan wij nader in op de vraag in hoeverre deze seksespecifieke beloningsverschillen zijn toe te schrijven aan verschillen tussen mannelijke en vrouwelijke managers wat betreft de individuele kwalificaties die zij met zich meebrengen, de specifieke kenmerken van hun managementberoep en de segmenten van de arbeidsmarkt waar zij als manager werkzaam zijn.14 p

Household dysfunction and child development: Do financial resources matter?

Children who experience household dysfunction often report more developmental problems and lower educational attainment. A question, however, is whether these lower outcomes are caused by the household dysfunction itself, or by other (pre-existing) factors, such as growing up in poverty. Based on the extended family stress model, we derived hypotheses on the consequences of household dysfunction for child development. Furthermore, we considered the mediating and moderating role of parents’ financial resources in the impact of household dysfunction on children's development. We studied these relationships while rigorously accounting for differential selection into experiencing household dysfunction using data from the British Millennium Cohort Study and employing descriptive and fixed-effects analyses. We found that children who experienced household dysfunction after age 5 already had more behavioural problems prior to these experiences. This underscores the importance of accounting for differential selection into experiencing household dysfunction. We also found that household dysfunction beginning after age 5 led to more behavioural problems but did not impact children's verbal ability. Parents’ financial resources declined after household dysfunction, particularly among high-income households. However, we found only weak evidence of a mediating effect of financial resources, and larger declines in financial resources did not translate into larger consequences of household dysfunction among children from high-income households. Financial resources thus mainly seemed to play an important role for selection into experiencing household dysfunction

Cultural and Material Life-style Differentiation in Eastern Europe. A Study on tbe Intergenerational Transmission of Inequalities in Five Former Socialist Societies

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