InterAKTions with FKBPs - mutational and pharmacological exploration

The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is an Hsp90-associated co-chaperone which regulates steroid receptors and kinases. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, FKBP51 was shown to recruit the phosphatase PHLPP to facilitate dephosphorylation of the kinase Akt, which was associated with reduced chemoresistance. Here we show that in addition to FKBP51 several other members of the FKBP family bind directly to Akt. FKBP51 can also form complexes with other AGC kinases and mapping studies revealed that FKBP51 interacts with Akt via multiple domains independent of their activation or phosphorylation status. The FKBP51-Akt1 interaction was not affected by FK506 analogs or Akt active site inhibitors, but was abolished by the allosteric Akt inhibitor VIII. None of the FKBP51 inhibitors affected AktS473 phosphorylation or downstream targets of Akt. In summary, we show that FKBP51 binds to Akt directly as well as via Hsp90. The FKBP51-Akt interaction is sensitive to the conformation of Akt1, but does not depend on the FK506-binding pocket of FKBP51. Therefore, FKBP inhibitors are unlikely to inhibit the Akt-FKBP-PHLPP network

Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung der Proteintranslokasen der mitochondrialen Innenmembran von Neurospora crassa und Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Die Innenmembran von Mitochondrien besitzt zwei Translokasen für den Import von Proteinen. Der TIM23-Komplex vermittelt die Translokation über und in die Innenmembran, der TIM22-Komplex inseriert Proteine mit mehreren hydrophoben Segmenten in die Innenmembran. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollten Komponenten dieser Translokationsmaschinerien in N. crassa und S. cerevisiae identifiziert und charakterisiert werden. In N. crassa waren zu Beginn der Arbeit im Vergleich zu S. cerevisiae nur wenige Komponenten der TIM-Translokasen bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Proteine Tim22, Tim54 und Tim44 in N. crassa identifiziert. Dies wurde entweder durch die Verwendung degenerierter Primer in PCR-Reaktionen mit cDNA aus N. crassa oder durch Durchmustern von Datenbanken erreicht. Die identifizierten Proteine des TIM22-Komplexes wurden bezüglich ihrer Lokalisation und Topologie untersucht. Es handelt sich bei Tim22 um ein Membranprotein der inneren mitochondrialen Membran mit vier Transmembranhelices, das sowohl den N- als auch den C-Terminus in den Intermembranraum exponiert. Tim54 ist ebenso in der inneren mitochondrialen Membran lokalisiert und besitzt nur eine Transmembranhelix. Der größte Teil des Proteins liegt im Intermembranraum, nur wenige Aminosäurereste befinden sich in der mitochondrialen Matrix. Ferner wurde der TIM22-Komplex von N. crassa charakterisiert. Dazu zählten die Untersuchungen der beteiligten Komponenten, der Komplexgröße und der Stabilität des Komplexes. In N. crassa besteht der TIM22-Komplex aus den Komponenten Tim22, Tim54, Tim9 und Tim10, die einen etwa 350 kDa großen Komplex bilden. Für spätere funktionelle Untersuchungen wurde der TIM22-Komplex bzw. Tim22 alleine gereinigt. Beides wurde in Lipidvesikel rekonstituiert. Dieses Verfahren bietet die Grundlage für Untersuchungen in einem definierten experimentellen System, wie Proteine der Carrier-Familie in Lipidmembranen inseriert werden. In S. cerevisiae wurde mit Tim16 eine neue Komponente des mitochondrialen Importmotors des TIM23-Komplexes identifiziert. Dies konnte durch Koreinigung mit einer weiteren Komponente des Importmotors, Tim14, erreicht werden. Die strukturelle Vorhersage für Tim16 ähnelt stark der des J-Proteins Tim14. Tim16 fehlt allerdings das für die Funktion von J-Proteinen essentielle HPD-Motiv. Tim16 ist in der mitochondrialen Matrix lokalisiert und peripher mit der inneren mitochondrialen Membran assoziiert. Durch Depletion von Tim16 wird der Import von Substraten in Mitochondrien beeinträchtigt, die vom mitochondrialen Importmotor abhängig sind. Durch Koimmunopräzipitationen und Quervernetzungsexperimente wurde Tim16 als neue Komponente des mitochondrialen Importmotors der TIM23-Translokase definiert. Funktionell spielt Tim16 eine große Rolle für die Integrität des Importmotors. Die genaue Struktur des Importmotors, seine Regulation und dessen Dynamik im Zuge der Translokation von Präproteinen muss in zukünftigen Experimenten geklärt werden

Nanolayers for early diagnostics of proteins involved in degenerative amyloidosis

FK-506 binding protein (FKBP12) is a protein of the family of immunophilins, involved in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s syndrome where FKBP12 is known to be over-expressed in early stages of the disease. We designed and built Langmuir-Blodgett nanostructures incorporating ligands with high affinity for FKBP12: Tacrolimus (FK506) and Rifaximin as candidate nanosensors to detect low FKBP12 concentration in the initial phase of the amyloidosis. The binding process of the different ligands has been studied by means of photophysical measurements investigating the fluorescence quenching of the tryptophan residue in the binding pocket of FKBP12 by addition of the ligand in solution. Immobilization of the ligands was achieved adopting biomimetic strategy: phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett films are proposed as nanoscaffolds for ligand inclusion. Several phospholipid nanoarchitectures differing in lipid composition, fluidity, number of layers and method of production (incubation versus co-spreading) were screened. The results have shown that both FK506 and Rifaximin ligands penetrate the lipid matrix either as monomers or as aggregates depending on their initial concentration. More importantly, the experiments demonstrated that the ligands in the LB scaffolds efficiently quench FKBP12 fluorescence in solution as a consequence of ligand binding to the protein

A Disulfide Relay System in the Intermembrane Space of Mitochondria that Mediates Protein Import

SummaryWe describe here a pathway for the import of proteins into the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria. Substrates of this pathway are proteins with conserved cysteine motifs, which are critical for import. After passage through the TOM channel, these proteins are covalently trapped by Mia40 via disulfide bridges. Mia40 contains cysteine residues, which are oxidized by the sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1. Depletion of Erv1 or conditions reducing Mia40 prevent protein import. We propose that Erv1 and Mia40 function as a disulfide relay system that catalyzes the import of proteins into the IMS by an oxidative folding mechanism. The existence of a disulfide exchange system in the IMS is unexpected in view of the free exchange of metabolites between IMS and cytosol via porin channels. We suggest that this process reflects the evolutionary origin of the IMS from the periplasmic space of the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria

Mia40, a novel factor for protein import into the intermembrane space of mitochondria is able to bind metal ions

AbstractMany proteins located in the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria are characterized by a low molecular mass, contain highly conserved cysteine residues and coordinate metal ions. Studies on one of these proteins, Tim13, revealed that net translocation across the outer membrane is driven by metal-dependent folding in the IMS [1]. We have identified an essential component, Mia40/Tim40/Ykl195w, with a highly conserved domain in the IMS that is able to bind zinc and copper ions. In cells lacking Mia40, the endogenous levels of Tim13 and other metal-binding IMS proteins are strongly reduced due to the impaired import of these proteins. Furthermore, Mia40 directly interacts with newly imported Tim13 protein. We conclude that Mia40 is the first essential component of a specific translocation pathway of metal-binding IMS proteins

The Mitochondrial Protein Translocation Motor: Structural Conservation between the Human and Yeast Tim14/Pam18-Tim16/Pam16 co-Chaperones

Most of our knowledge regarding the process of protein import into mitochondria has come from research employing Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. Recently, several mammalian homologues of the mitochondrial motor proteins were identified. Of particular interest for us is the human Tim14/Pam18-Tim16/Pam16 complex. We chose a structural approach in order to examine the evolutionary conservation between yeast Tim14/Pam18-Tim16/Pam16 proteins and their human homologues. For this purpose, we examined the structural properties of the purified human proteins and their interaction with their yeast homologues, in vitro. Our results show that the soluble domains of the human Tim14/Pam18 and Tim16/Pam16 proteins interact with their yeast counterparts, forming heterodimeric complexes and that these complexes interact with yeast mtHsp70

Role of Magmas in protein transport and human mitochondria biogenesis

Magmas, a conserved mammalian protein essential for eukaryotic development, is overexpressed in prostate carcinomas and cells exposed to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Reduced Magmas expression resulted in decreased proliferative rates in cultured cells. However, the cellular function of Magmas is still elusive. In this report, we have showed that human Magmas is an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pam16 having similar functions and is critical for protein translocation across mitochondrial inner membrane. Human Magmas shows a complete growth complementation of Δpam16 yeast cells at all temperatures. On the basis of our analysis, we report that Magmas localizes into mitochondria and is peripherally associated with inner mitochondrial membrane in yeast and humans. Magmas forms a stable subcomplex with J-protein Pam18 or DnaJC19 through its C-terminal region and is tethered to TIM23 complex of yeast and humans. Importantly, amino acid alterations in Magmas leads to reduced stability of the subcomplex with Pam18 that results in temperature sensitivity and in vivo protein translocation defects in yeast cells. These observations highlight the central role of Magmas in protein import and mitochondria biogenesis. In humans, absence of a functional DnaJC19 leads to dilated cardiac myophathic syndrome (DCM), a genetic disorder with characteristic features of cardiac myophathy and neurodegeneration. We propose that the mutations resulting in decreased stability of functional Magmas:DnaJC19 subcomplex at human TIM23 channel leads to impaired protein import and cellular respiration in DCM patients. Together, we propose a model showing how Magmas:DnaJC19 subcomplex is associated with TIM23 complex and thus regulates mitochondrial import process

Protein translocation channel of mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix-exposed import motor communicate via two-domain coupling protein

The majority of mitochondrial proteins are targeted to mitochondria by N-terminal presequences and use the TIM23 complex for their translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane. During import, translocation through the channel in the inner membrane is coupled to the ATP-dependent action of an Hsp70-based import motor at the matrix face. How these two processes are coordinated remained unclear. We show here that the two domain structure of Tim44 plays a central role in this process. The N-terminal domain of Tim44 interacts with the components of the import motor, whereas its C-terminal domain interacts with the translocation channel and is in contact with translocating proteins. Our data suggest that the translocation channel and the import motor of the TIM23 complex communicate through rearrangements of the two domains of Tim44 that are stimulated by translocating proteins

Integrative Analysis of the Mitochondrial Proteome in Yeast

In this study yeast mitochondria were used as a model system to apply, evaluate, and integrate different genomic approaches to define the proteins of an organelle. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry applied to purified mitochondria identified 546 proteins. By expression analysis and comparison to other proteome studies, we demonstrate that the proteomic approach identifies primarily highly abundant proteins. By expanding our evaluation to other types of genomic approaches, including systematic deletion phenotype screening, expression profiling, subcellular localization studies, protein interaction analyses, and computational predictions, we show that an integration of approaches moves beyond the limitations of any single approach. We report the success of each approach by benchmarking it against a reference set of known mitochondrial proteins, and predict approximately 700 proteins associated with the mitochondrial organelle from the integration of 22 datasets. We show that a combination of complementary approaches like deletion phenotype screening and mass spectrometry can identify over 75% of the known mitochondrial proteome. These findings have implications for choosing optimal genome-wide approaches for the study of other cellular systems, including organelles and pathways in various species. Furthermore, our systematic identification of genes involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in yeast expands the candidate genes available for mapping Mendelian and complex mitochondrial disorders in humans

Structures of the Environment in Colonies

Abstract. We study sequential colonies introduced in [5], [9] from the point of view of their environmental structures. We give expressions for the languages Life, Garden-of-Eden, Doomsday and Non-life and we present conditions for the emptiness of these languages for the sequential colonies with basic and terminal mode of the derivation. I{eywords: b mode colony, t mode colony, garden of Eden, life, doomsday and nonlife states and languages, characteristic vector of the environmen