18 research outputs found
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ODPOWIEDĹą W SPRAWIE ANTROPOGENEZ
Before the neolithization: Causes of mesolithic diversity in the Southern Balkans
The Balkans, particularly southern and central, were sparsely populated in the Mesolithic and the occupation networks in that period were discontinous and highly diversified, contrasting with the density and homogeneity of the Early Neolithic. The aim of this paper is to describe the environmental conditions of the Mesolithic sites in relation to Early Holocene climatic fluctuations and to discuss the causes of specificity and diversity of culture and behaviour at this period.
Some general trends are observable in the adaptation to Early Holocene environments (trends in faunal exploitation; for ex. shift from high ranked large game to low ranked small animals) but also particular adaptations to local conditions (technological changes due to difficulties in access to better quality lithic raw materials, adaptations to coastal or to terrestrial resources reflecting the unique features of site use, etc).
The diversity of the Mesolithic is also reflected in cultural taxonomy: in some sequences continuity of the Balkan Epigravettian techno-morphological tradition can be seen as opposed, in other sequences, to highly isolated groups with technology and tool morphology adapted to local raw materials and specific activities. The Balkan Mesolithic was not completely cut-off from the Western Mediterranean techno-morphological influences (particularly in Southern Greece) and from the Anatolian lithic traditions (seen only in the Northern Aegean). A more intensive network of marine contacts is confirmed by obsidian circulation in the Aegean Basin
Linear Band Pottery Culture (LBK) lithic industry from Apc
The general inventory of the chipped stone artefacts coming from the LBK features at Apc indicates that a specific, small scale, local lithic production was conducted on-site. Majority of used raw materials are limnoquartzites (nearly 70%) originating mainly from the Mátra and Cserhát Mountains. The use of rather poor quality local raw materials influenced the technique of working raw materials, which was employed throughout the period of the functioning of LBK settlements at Apc. As a consequence, most tools were made on flakes. At the same time, as early as the oldest phase a limited supply of blade blanks and blade tools, produced elsewhere, was used. The ground stone artefacts and fragments included lower and upper grinding stones, plaquettes with polished surfaces, hammerstones, grinders/pounders. The raw materials used in the ground stone industry are either local (quartz, conglomerate, sandstone) or mesolocal (gabbro, basalt) coming from river alluvia or from the hills at the Hungarian—Slovakian border. Andesites, probably from the Mátra Mountains, occur in small quantities. Thus, the raw materials exploited at Apc demonstrate contacts with eastern region, however the site is the easternmost LBK settlement.
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Az apci lelĹ‘hely VK-objektumaibĂłl származĂł pattintottkĹ‘-leletek általános összetĂ©tele arra vall, hogy a telepen speciális, kis lĂ©ptĂ©kű, helyi kĹ‘eszköz-előállĂtás folyt. Legnagyobb mennyisĂ©gben (közel 70%) limnokvarcitokat használtak fel nyersanyagkĂ©nt, amelyek a Mátra Ă©s a Cserhát hegysĂ©gbĹ‘l származtak. A többnyire gyenge minĹ‘sĂ©gű nyersanyagok felhasználása befolyásolta a feldolgozási technikákat is, amelyek nem változtak az apci VK-telep teljes fennállása alatt. Ennek következtĂ©ben az eszközök nagyrĂ©szt szilánkon kĂ©szĂĽltek. Ugyanakkor már a telep Ă©letĂ©nek legkorábbi fázisátĂłl kezdve használtak egy kevĂ©s pengĂ©t Ă©s pengeeszközt is, amelyeket máshonnan szereztek be. A csiszolt eszközök Ă©s szerszámkövek között találunk alsĂł Ă©s felsĹ‘ Ĺ‘rlĹ‘köveket, csiszolt felĂĽletű kĹ‘lapokat, ĂĽtĹ‘köveket Ă©s mozsártörĹ‘ket, valamint azok töredĂ©keit. Az ebben az iparban felhasznált nyersanyagok vagy helyiek (kvarc, konglomerátum, homokkĹ‘), vagy regionálisak (gabbrĂł, bazalt), amelyek folyóüledĂ©kekbĹ‘l vagy a magyar—szlovák határnál lĂ©vĹ‘ hegyekbĹ‘l származhatnak. Kis mennyisĂ©gben elĹ‘fordul andezit is, valĂłszĂnűleg a MátrábĂłl. ĂŤgy hát az Apcon felhasznált kĹ‘nyersanyagok keleti terĂĽletekkel mutatnak kapcsolatot, holott a lelĹ‘hely a nyugati VK legkeletibb telepĂĽlĂ©se
Uwagi o kulturze mikockiej na GĂłrnym ĹšlÄ…sku : przyczynek do genezy kultury mikockiej w Europie Ĺšrodkowej
Two sites of the Micoquian Culture are known in the literature from Upper Silesia: Pietrowice Wielkie site 23 (excavations from the period between the two World Wars; see for example J.K. Ko-złowski 1964a, s. 79, 161) and Dzierżysław site 1 (excavations of 1962-1992; see E.M. Fołtyn, E. Fołtyn, J.K. Kozłowski 2000). Recently it has been possible to gain access to four other sites of this culture which were also discovered in the Inter-War period: Cyprzanów site 3, Maków site 15, Pietrowice Wielkie site 8, Pietrowice Wielkie site 76 (see M. Fajer, E.M. Fołtyn, E. Fołtyn, J.K. Ko-złowski, in print). Apart from these, a relatively rich collection of finds was collected in 1993-1997 on site 49 in Pietraszyn (see M. Fajer, E.M. Fołtyn, E. Fołtyn, J.K. Kozłowski, in print).
All these sites occur on the GĹ‚ubczyce Plateau and form a sort of concentration in the catchment areas of the Psina and Troja rivers (Fig. 1).
Site 49 at Pietraszyn which has produced the largest number of finds (72 items) is probably a workshop where bifacial tools were produced. Here several varieties of Upper Silesian erratic flint were used (Table 8). The inventory exhibits a twofold dominance of tools (46 items) over flakes (24 examples). The tools were made (see Table 1) of nodules (of slab form), waste and pieces (52.17%) and flakes (47.83%). Bifacial tools with surface retouch dominate over unifacial ones. The working techniques were bifacial and trifacial. The sections of the tools are flat-convex and double flat-convex (Table 2). Attention is drawn by the occurrence of 14 side-scrapers, 8 asymmetric knives, 3 hand-axes (Figs 2b, 4a, 3) — among them of Micoquian type and Faustkeilblatt, one hand-axe/knife (Fig. 5a) and 11 retouched flakes (Figs 2a, 13d, 18c). Among the side-scrapers, bifacial forms predominate (Figs 5b, 14a, b, 10a, 15a, b, 16, 17a) over unifacial ones (Figs lib, 12a, b, 13a, b, c). Among the asymmetric knives are three Prondnik-knives (Figs 4b, 6a, b), one Bockstein type knife (Fig. 7b) and other types (Figs 7a, c, 8a, b). These tools are supplemented by one denticulated notched piece, two atypical perforators (Fig. 18b), one burin-core (Fig. 18a), one flake-like blade with retouch on the tip (Fig. 17b), three half-finished of knife/side-scrapers (Figs 10b, 9a, b) and one half-finished leaf point (Fig. 11a). The flakes come mainly from bifacial working. They are charac-terized by differentiation of the dorsal surface (Table 3-4). Their butts are most often unprepared (Table 5), bulbs are detached, thinned or flat (Table 6) and the angle of striking is obtuse (Table 7). The assemblage also contains two unclassified half-products. They exhibit traces of the start of the use of Levalloisian (Fig. 2a) and discoidal core technique.
From the technological-morphological point of view the material from Pietraszyn site 49 exhi-bits certain similarities with artefacts from Mesvin IV (M. Cahen, J. Michel 1986). The similarities concern the occurrence of analogous hand-axes and asymmetric knives and the knowledge of Leval-loisian techniques. They also have similar chronology.
The remaining sites have produced small assemblages with rather eastern European affinities. From Cyprzanów site 3 come two Prondnik-knives (Fig. 20a, c) and one half-product of a bifacial tool (Fig. 20b) and a bilateral side-scraper. In the assemblage from Pietrowice Wielkie site 8 a knife resembling the form of a Wolgograd type (Fig. 19a) was found, as was a convex convergent side-scraper. The inventory is completed by an atypical knife with alternately retouched back from Maków site 15 and a trifacially-worked ovoid knife from Pietrowice Wielkie site 76 (Fig. 19b). On the basis of the materials discovered so far, one may define two chronological horizons in the development of the Micoquian Culture in Upper Silesia. The inventories of Dzierżysław site 1 layer 6 and Pietraszyn site 49 belong to the older horizon (Warta stage or the end of the Lublin stage). The chronological position of the finds from Dzierżysław site 1 is determined by their stratigraphic position (Older Loess lib according to J. Jersak 1991) as well as TL dates of the deposits in which they lay (E.M. Fołtyn, E. Fołtyn, J.K. Kozłowski 2000). The assignation of Pietraszyn site 49 to the earlier horizon is also determined by the geological context of the finds: in the upper layers of alluvia of the Warta stage terrace (Fig. 21a, b). The material from Cyprzanów site 3 can also be assigned to the pre-Eemian period.
By contrast the assemblages from Pietrowice Wielkie sites 8,23,76 and Maków site 15 can most probably be linked with the later horizon of development of the Micoquian Culture (the Eemian stage — the lower level of the middle Vistula substage). This would be indicated by the state or preserva-tion of the artefacts, and the local stratigraphic situation at the place of discovery.
The inventories from the archaeological sites at Dzierżysław site 1, Pietraszyn site 49 and Cy-przanów site 3 (?) seem to confirm the existence in central Europe of eastern Micoquian industries earlier than the Eemian stage. The theory of the western origin of the eastern Micoquian Culture (see for example F. Delpech, J.-M. Geneste, J.-Ph. Rigaud, J.-P. Texier 1995, s. 155) would seem to require re-examination
Excavation along the easternmost frontier of the LBK in NE-Hungary at Apc-Berekalja I (2008–2009)
The topographical position and size of the site, the number of detected houses, the presence of the early phase make the Apc-Berekalja I settlement one of the most significant sites of the LBK in Hungary. The ongoing processing of the excavation data provided already some very important observations. The geoarchaeological results demonstrated the presence of the in situ soil of the Neolithic period and effects of floods on the settlement. The study of the chipped and ground stone material coming from the Neolithic features revealed no conspicuous changes in the lithic industry of the settlement from the pre-Notenkopf to Želiezovce phases of the LBK. Lithic raw materials came exclusively from territories to the east of the site, which is an evidence of the isolation of the LBK groups that inhabited Apc.
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Földrajzi helyzete, a lelĹ‘hely mĂ©rete, a megfigyelt házak száma Ă©s a korai fázis meglĂ©te alapján Apc-Berekalja I. az egyik legjelentĹ‘sebb magyarországi VK-telepĂĽlĂ©s. Az ásatási adatok mĂ©g folyamatban lĂ©vĹ‘ feldolgozása során közlĂ©sre mĂ©ltĂł eredmĂ©nyek szĂĽlettek. A geoarcheolĂłgiai vizsgálatok kimutatták egy neolitikus korĂş talaj in situ meglĂ©tĂ©t, valamint a telepĂĽlĂ©st sĂşjtĂł áradásokat. A neolitikus korĂş objektumokbĂłl származĂł pattintott Ă©s szerszámkövek a telepĂĽlĂ©s fennállása alatt a kĹ‘ipar lĂ©nyegi változatlanságárĂłl tanĂşskodnak a VK korai idĹ‘szakátĂłl a zselĂzi fázisáig. A telepĂĽlĂ©sen Ă©lĹ‘k a kĹ‘nyersanyagokat kizárĂłlag a keletre esĹ‘ terĂĽletekrĹ‘l szereztĂ©k be, ami az itt lakĂł csoport izoláltságát igazolja
Evolution and environment of the eastern linear pottery culture: A case study in the site of Polgár-Piócási-Dűlő
A salvage excavation preceding a major investment project was conducted in 2006–2007, during which associated settlement features of a Middle Neolithic, Eastern Linear Pottery Culture (Alföld Linearbandkeramik – ALBK) were uncovered in an area called Piócási-dűlő on the eastern outskirts of Polgár. The features of the ALBK settlement date from two periods. The cluster of multi-functional pits yielding a rich assortment of finds, the handful of post-holes and an unusual ritual well found in the southern part of the investigated area formed one unit from the earliest phase of the Middle Neolithic (ALBK I). The settlement’s other occupation can be assigned to the late phase of the Middle Neolithic (ALBK IV). Five houseplans representing the remains of timber-framed buildings outlined a distinct area with three multi-functional pits. Associated with the above features were 8 burials.
The preliminary archaeobotanical results from Polgár–Piócási-dűlő are based on the plant material found within the sediments of 11 archaeological structures, which mainly represent pits and a welI. It can be stated that the natural environment offered habitats in which oak trees dominated in the local vegetation, forming floodplain forests and wooded steppes. They also provided food in the form of fruits and formed an optimal habitat for domestic animals. Arable fields were probably also established in the vicinity of the settlements, suggested by findings of macroscopic plant remains that represented cultivated species.
In both settlement phases lithic production activities are manifested both by the local on-site lithic production and – most importantly – by the presence of imported, mainly mesolocal, raw materials that point to contacts with deposit areas, or off-site preliminary working of obsidian and limnoquartzites. The kit of harvesting tools and a large number of grinding stones – especially in the younger phase – for the preparation of plant food suggest a major role of plant cultivation
Polgár-bosnyákdomb – lithic assemblages
This is a study of the stone tools found in the rubble of a Prototiszapolgár culture house and the humus layer above during the 2007 excavations of Polgár-Bosnyákdomb. This assemblage marks an important interface between Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age lithic industries in this transitional period. The repertoire of raw materials is dominated by specimens from eastern sources, while the technology is characterized with Late Neolithic traditions.
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Polgár-Bosnyákdomb lelĹ‘helyrĹ‘l kĂ©t sorozat kĹ‘eszköz-anyagot elemeztĂĽnk: az egyik a ház omladĂ©kábĂłl (376 db), a másik a fölötte lĂ©vĹ‘ humuszrĂ©tegbĹ‘l származott (342 db). A kĂ©t, statisztikailag jelentĹ‘s sorozat megfelel a telepĂĽlĂ©sen megfigyelt proto-tiszapolgári kultĂşra fázisának.A pattintott kĹ‘eszközök változatos nyersanyagbĂłl kĂ©szĂĽltek: makroszkĂłpos mĂłdszerrel 27 fajta szilikátos kĹ‘zetet tudtunk elkĂĽlönĂteni, amelyek gyakran meglehetĹ‘sen távoli terĂĽletekrĹ‘l származnak. A ház Ă©s a humuszrĂ©teg leletanyagában a pontosabban nem meghatározhatĂł, de mezozoikus rĂ©tegbĹ‘l származĂł kovák domináltak. Hat kovatĂpus olyan nyersanyagbĂłl kĂ©szĂĽlt, amely Nyugat- Ă©s fĹ‘kĂ©nt DĂ©lnyugat-Románia terĂĽletĂ©rĹ‘l ismert mĂ©szkĹ‘ rĂ©tegekben fordul elĹ‘. A következĹ‘ nyersanyag, amelybĹ‘l pattintott kĹ‘eszközöket állĂtottak elĹ‘, a limnokvarcit – ezt közepes távolságbĂłl szereztĂ©k be, a Tokaji- Ă©s a ZemplĂ©ni-hegysĂ©gbĹ‘l. A Kárpáti I. tĂpusĂş obszidián a ház leletanyagának 12,2%-át, mĂg a humuszrĂ©tegnek 17,0%-át adta. Távoli, „északi” nyersanyagokbĂłl is kĂ©szĂĽltek eszközök, Ăgy a KrakĂłw–CzĂŞstochowa-fennsĂk jura kori tűzkövĂ©bĹ‘l Ă©s a Visztula közĂ©psĹ‘ medencĂ©jĂ©nek terĂĽletĂ©rĹ‘l eredeztethetĹ‘ „csokoládé” kovábĂłl. A Dnyeszter felsĹ‘ folyásának medencĂ©jĂ©bĹ‘l származĂł, krĂ©ta kori kova elĹ‘fordulása a házban meglehetĹ‘sen alacsony (4,7%), de a humuszrĂ©tegben már magasabb (7,0%). Más nyersanyagok csak szĂłrványosan fordulnak elĹ‘ – pĂ©ldául a Mátra vidĂ©ki vörös radiolarit vagy jáspis, illetve a talán kelet-szlovákiai szarukĹ‘.A pattintott kĹ‘eszközök nyersanyagának változatosságával ellentĂ©tben a csiszolt eszközökĂ© már nem ilyen gazdag: a kĹ‘ipar nagy rĂ©sze tokaji fehĂ©r tufábĂłl Ă©s homokkĹ‘bĹ‘l kĂ©szĂĽlt.A Polgár-Bosnyákdomb lelĹ‘helyen használt kĹ‘ nyersanyag összetĂ©tele alapvetĹ‘ változásokat jelez a kĂ©sĹ‘ neolitikum–rĂ©zkor váltásának idejĂ©n. Bár a nagyon változatos nyersanyagtĂpusok már a tiszai kultĂşra kĂ©sĹ‘i idĹ‘szakára is jellemzĹ‘ek, irányultságuk mĂ©gis kelet felĂ© mĂłdosul. A folyamatot jĂłl jelzi a talán nyugat-romániai mezozoikus kovák Ă©s a Kárpátokon tĂşli terĂĽletekrĹ‘l származĂł krĂ©tai kovák megjelenĂ©se. A nyersanyagforrások eltolĂłdása rĂ©szben megfelel a proto-tiszapolgári kultĂşra kelet felĂ© törtĂ©nĹ‘ terjeszkedĂ©sĂ©nek. Az Ă©szaknyugati kapcsolatok meglĂ©tĂ©t az obszidián Ă©s a limnokvarcit nyersanyagok bizonyĂtják.A magköveket elĹ‘-magkĹ‘ formájában szállĂtották a lelĹ‘helyre, mĂg az obszidián kis, 2–4 cm átmĂ©rĹ‘jű rögökben kerĂĽlt a telepĂĽlĂ©sre. A magkövek aránya 4,5%, a tűzkövekĂ© 44,5%, a pengĂ©kĂ© 26,5%, vĂ©gĂĽl az eszközökĂ© 15,1%. A nagyobb eszköztĂpusok ilyenfajta megoszlása általában olyan lelĹ‘helyekre jellemzĹ‘, ahol az eszközöket helyben kĂ©szĂtik Ă©s használják, de ahol a redukciĂł csak rĂ©szben törtĂ©nt a helyszĂnen.A bosnyákdombi pengĂ©k „mediolithic” technikával kĂ©szĂĽltek. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a lelĹ‘hely kĹ‘ipara korábbi, mint a rĂ©zkor kezdetĂ©re jellemzĹ‘ Ăşn. „metrikus forradalom” (amikor a makrolitikus eszközöket nyomásos technikával állĂtják elĹ‘). Csak a tiszapolgári – valamint a kĂ©sĹ‘ lengyeli – kultĂşrákra jellemzĹ‘ ez a fajta technolĂłgiai átalakulás. A retusált eszközök csoportja szintĂ©n közelebb áll a tiszai Ă©s lengyeli kultĂşrákhoz, mint a rĂ©zkori iparokĂ©hoz. Ezt a vakarĂłk Ă©s a vakarĂł-csonkĂtott eszközök magas száma, illetve a trapĂ©zok, retusált pengĂ©k Ă©s fĂşrĂłk jelenlĂ©te jelzi.A retusált eszközök összetĂ©tele sokban emlĂ©keztet a közĂ©psĹ‘ Ă©s kĂ©sĹ‘ neolitikum technolĂłgiai-stiláris hagyományaira, bár nĂ©hány jellegzetessĂ©gĂĽk már inkább a rĂ©zkori iparokra utal. Fontos megemlĂteni, hogy a használati nyomok elemzĂ©se alapján az eszközöket csak igen kis számban használták aratásra; sokkal jellemzĹ‘bb a bĹ‘r- Ă©s famegmunkálás