The Role of Immigrants in the ‘Take-Offs’ of Eastern European ‘Manchesters.’ A Comparative Case Studies of Three Cities: Lodz, Tampere, and Ivanovo

In this paper, we try to identify the institutional offers for emigrants and evaluate the role of immigrants at the time of the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century history of three cities where the dynamic growth and the ‘take-offs’ depended largely on newcomers. In all cases, the industry was the main factor that led to the ‘take-off’ in terms of the number of inhabitants and also the creation of the bourgeoisie as a socio-economic class. In our paper we reveal key institutional and geographical factors that accelerated the unprecedent waves of immigrants (with different strengths in different cities) to these Eastern European ‘Manchesters’ and made their role central to urban economic development. Their activity was the result of advantageous institutional circumstances connected with changes in the borders, the appearance of governments, and new local management being strictly related to changes in customs policy or extraordinary international situations

Remarks on the genesis of UNRRA. Negotiations between the Great Powers and selected treaty provisions

As a conceptual framework, UNRRA referred to one of the four freedoms (freedom from want) mentioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech given in Congress on January 6, 1946. In the first section, the article presents early attempts to coordinate assistance for the civilian population during World War II (The Committee of Supplies and The Inter-Allied Committee on European Post-War Requirements). The scale of actions taken was very small and insufficient. In January 1942, the USSR proposed the creation of an international organization that would collect information on raw materials and food. This initiative prompted Washington and London to launch a separate competitive project. The organization’s task was to bring help until the state gained economic independence. Therefore, the organization’s goal was not to rebuild the areas affected by war damage in the long term (rehabilitation not reconstruction). In the main part, the article presents the basic issues in dispute when creating the principle of allocating aid, for example, the requirement of consent of the receiving state to receive gifts or the composition of organs of the organization. For this purpose, the exchange of notes between Washington and London was analyzed. Differences of opinions delayed the signing of the contract which did not take place until November 1943.Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship

Architektura gridu bazodanowego oparta o podejście peer-to-peer

W artykule autorzy przedstawiają zaimplementowane i zweryfikowane poprzez w pełni funkcjonalny prototyp, podejście do realizacji obiektowego gridu bazodanowego przy wykorzystaniu wirtualnej sieci peer-to-peer omawiając szczegółowo najważniejszy element mechanizmu jakim jest proces integracji rozproszonych obiektów. W artykule przeprowadzono gruntowną analizę rozwiązań będących fundamentalnym zbiorem wiedzy na temat integracji danych. Zaprezentowano trójwarstwowy model intagracyjny oparty o aktualizowalne obiektowe perspektywy oraz prototyp gridowej warstwy pośredniej wykorzystującej sieć wirtualną peer-to-peer.In the article authors present an approach for realisation of object-oriented database grid using virtual peer-to-peer networking. The approach has been verified by implementation of fully functional prototype. The article shows in details a process for integration of distributed objects which is provided by the core mechanism of the prototype. Authors also described three-layer integration model based on obiect-oriented updateable views and middleware prototype containing mentioned peer-to-peer solution. Moreover the article contains analysis of solutions being the fundamental knowledge about integration of data

Przezroczysta integracja zasobów relacyjnych do obiektowego wirtualnego repozytorium

Prezentowana w artykule idea polega na wirtualnej integracji rozproszonych heterogenicznych zasobów bazodanowych w scentralizowaną, jednorodną, spójną i pozbawioną fragmentacji oraz nadmiarowości całość tworzącą wirtualne repozytorium zapewniające pewne powszechne funkcjonalności i usługi, włączając w to infrastrukturę zaufania (bezpieczeństwo, prywatność, licencjonowanie, płatności, itp.), Web Services, rozproszone transakcje, zarządzanie procesami (workflow management), itd. Opisane poniżej metody integracji skupiają się właśnie na najpopularniejszych zasobach relacyjnych, do których zostaje umożliwiony w pełni przezroczysty dostęp poprzez niezwykle elastyczny obiektowy język zapytań. Opracowane specjalnie do tego celu mechanizmy optymalizacyjne stanowią kombinację dedykowanych technik obiektowych z niezwykle wydajnymi optymalizatorami relacyjnymi.The presented idea aims to virtually integrate distributed heterogeneous database resources into a centralised consistent and non-fragmented and non-redundant whole creating a virtual repository. The repository provides common functionalities and services, including trust infrastructure (like security, privacy, licensing, payments), Web Services, distributed transactions, workflow management, etc. The described integration methods focus on the most popular and commonly used relational resources. Such resources become fully transparently accessible with an extremely flexible object-oriented query language. The dedicated optimisation mechanisms are a combination of object-oriented techniąues and very efficient relational optimisers

Changes in the properties of pig manure slurry*

The paper presents the results of analyses of samples of manure from a pig farm located near Piła, Poland performed between June 2011 and May 2012 using a single sampling system. The statistical analyses of the average content of chemical and biological oxide demands, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and dry mass in the slurry in various seasons allowed us to draw conclusions concerning the changes in the chemical composition of the manure in specific seasons and to determine the correlations between the chemical parameters. The average content of N, BOD, P, and dry mass content tended to decrease systematically from the spring until the winter. The highest correlation coefficient, which indicates significant interdependency among the variables tested, was consistently found for COD and BOD, whereas the smallest correlation coefficient was found consistently for K and Ca and once for Ca and N

Query Optimization by Indexing in the ODRA OODBMS

We present features and samples of use of the index optimizer module which has been implemented and tested in the ODRA prototype system. The ODRA index implementation is based on linear hashing and works in a scope of a standalone database. The solution is adaptable to distributed environments in order to optimally utilize data grid computational resources. The implementation consists of transparent optimization, automatic index updating and management facilities

On distributed data processing in data grid architecture for a virtual repository

The article describes the problem of integration of distributed, heterogeneous and fragmented collections of data with application of the virtual repository and the data grid concept. The technology involves: wrappers enveloping external resources, a virtual network (based on the peer-topeer technology) responsible for integration of data into one global schema and a distributed index for speeding-up data retrieval. Authors present a method for obtaining data from heterogeneously structured external databases and then a procedure of integration the data to one, commonly available, global schema. The core of the described solution is based on the Stack-Based Query Language (SBQL) and virtual updatable SBQL views. The system transport and indexing layer is based on the P2P architecture

Measurements of multiplicity fluctuations of identified hadrons in inelastic proton-proton interactions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron

A. Acharya, H. Adhikary, A. Aduszkiewicz, K. K. Allison, E. V. Andronov, T. Antićić, V. Babkin, M. Baszczyk, S. Bhosale, A. Blondel, M. Bogomilov, A. Brandin, A. Bravar, W. Bryliński, J. Brzychczyk, M. Buryakov, O. Busygina, A. Bzdak, H. Cherif, M. Ćirković, M. Csanad, J. Cybowska, T. Czopowicz, A. Damyanova, N. Davis, M. Deliyergiyev, M. Deveaux, A. Dmitriev, W. Dominik, P. Dorosz, J. Dumarchez, R. Engel, G. A. Feofilov, L. Fields, Z. Fodor, A. Garibov, M. Gaździcki, O. Golosov, V. Golovatyuk, M. Golubeva, K. Grebieszkow, F. Guber, A. Haesler, S. N. Igolkin, S. Ilieva, A. Ivashkin, S. R. Johnson, K. Kadija, N. Kargin, E. Kashirin, M. Kiełbowicz, V. A. Kireyeu, V. Klochkov, V. I. Kolesnikov, D. Kolev, A. Korzenev, V. N. Kovalenko, M. Koziel, A. Krasnoperov, W. Kucewicz, M. Kuich, A. Kurepin, D. Larsen, A. László, T. V. Lazareva, M. Lewicki, K. Łojek, V. V. Lyubushkin, M. Maćkowiak-Pawłowska, Z. Majka, B. Maksiak, A. I. Malakhov, A. Marcinek, A. D. Marino, K. Marton, H.-J. Mathes, T. Matulewicz, V. Matveev, G. L. Melkumov, A. O. Merzlaya, B. Messerly, Ł. Mik, S. Morozov, Y. Nagai, M. Naskręt, V. Ozvenchuk, V. Paolone, O. Petukhov, I. Pidhurskyi, R. Płaneta, P. Podlaski, B. A. Popov, B. Porfy, M. Posiadała-Zezula, D. S. Prokhorova, D. Pszczel, J. Puzović, M. Ravonel, R. Renfordt, D. Röhrich, E. Rondio, M. Roth, B. T. Rumberger, M. Rumyantsev, A. Rustamov, M. Rybczynski, A. Rybicki, S. Sadhu, A. Sadovsky, I. Selyuzhenkov, A. Yu. Seryakov, P. Seyboth, M. Słodkowski, P. Staszel, G. Stefanek, J. Stepaniak, M. Strikhanov, H. Ströbele, T. Šuša, A. Taranenko, A. Tefelska, D. Tefelski, V. Tereshchenko, A. Toia, R. Tsenov, L. Turko, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, D. Uzhva, F. F. Valiev, D. Veberič, V. V. Vechernin, A. Wickremasinghe, O. Wyszyński, A. Zaitsev, E. D. Zimmerman, R. ZwaskaMeasurements of multiplicity fluctuations of identified hadrons produced in inelastic p+p interactions at 31, 40, 80, and 158 GeV/c beam momentum are presented. Three different measures of multiplicity fluctuations are used: the scaled variance ω and strongly intensive measures and . These fluctuation measures involve second and first moments of joint multiplicity distributions. Data analysis is preformed using the Identity method which corrects for incomplete particle identification. Strongly intensive quantities are calculated in order to allowfor a direct comparison to corresponding results on nucleus–nucleus collisions. The results for different hadron types are shown as a function of collision energy. A comparison with predictions of stringresonance Monte-Carlo models: Epos, Smash and Venus, is also presented

Spectra and mean multiplicities of π- in central 40Ar+45Sc collisions at 13A, 19A, 30A, 40A, 75A and 150A Ge V /cbeam momenta measured by the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS

A. Acharya, H. Adhikary, K. K. Allison, E. V. Andronov, T. Antićić, V. Babkin, M. Baszczyk, S. Bhosale, A. Blondel, M. Bogomilov, A. Brandin, A. Bravar, W. Bryliński, J. Brzychczyk, M. Buryakov, O. Busygina, A. Bzdak, H. Cherif, M. Ćirković, M. Csanad, J. Cybowska, T. Czopowicz, A. Damyanova, N. Davis, M. Deliyergiyev, M. Deveaux, A. Dmitriev, W. Dominik, P. Dorosz, J. Dumarchez, R. Engel, G. A. Feofilov, L. Fields, Z. Fodor, A. Garibov, M. Gaździcki, O. Golosov, V. Golovatyuk, M. Golubeva, K. Grebieszkow, F. Guber, A. Haesler, S. N. Igolkin, S. Ilieva, A. Ivashkin, S. R. Johnson, K. Kadija, N. Kargin, E. Kashirin, M. Kiełbowicz, V. A. Kireyeu, V. Klochkov, V. I. Kolesnikov, D. Kolev, A. Korzenev, V. N. Kovalenko, M. Koziel, B. Kozłowski, A. Krasnoperov, W. Kucewicz, M. Kuich, A. Kurepin, D. Larsen, A. László, T. V. Lazareva, M. Lewicki, K. Łojek, V. V. Lyubushkin, M. Maćkowiak-Pawłowska, Z. Majka, B. Maksiak, A. I. Malakhov, A. Marcinek, A. D. Marino, K. Marton, H. -J. Mathes, T. Matulewicz, V. Matveev, G. L. Melkumov, A. O. Merzlaya, B. Messerly, Ł. Mik, S. Morozov, Y. Nagai, M. Naskręt, V. Ozvenchuk, V. Paolone, O. Petukhov, I. Pidhurskyi, R. Płaneta, P. Podlaski, B. A. Popov, B. Porfy, M. Posiadała-Zezula, D. S. Prokhorova, D. Pszczel, J. Puzović, M. Ravonel, R. Renfordt, D. Röhrich, E. Rondio, M. Roth, B. T. Rumberger, M. Rumyantsev, A. Rustamov, M. Rybczynski, A. Rybicki, S. Sadhu, A. Sadovsky, I. Selyuzhenkov, A. Yu. Seryakov, P. Seyboth, M. Słodkowski, P. Staszel, G. Stefanek, J. Stepaniak, M. Strikhanov, H. Ströbele, T. Šuša, A. Taranenko, A. Tefelska, D. Tefelski, V. Tereshchenko, A. Toia, R. Tsenov, L. Turko, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, D. Uzhva, F. F. Valiev, D. Veberič, V. V. Vechernin, A. Wickremasinghe, O. Wyszyński, A. Zaitsev, E. D. Zimmerman, R. ZwaskaThe physics goal of the strong interaction program of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is to study the phase diagram of hadronic matter by a scan of particle production in collisions of nuclei with various sizes at a set of energies covering the SPS energy range. This paper presents differential inclusive spectra of transverse momentum, transverse mass and rapidity of π − mesons produced in central 40Ar+45Sc collisions at beam momenta of 13A, 19A, 30A, 40A, 75A and 150A GeV/c. Energy and system size dependence of parameters of these distributions –mean transversemass, the inverse slope parameter of transverse mass spectra, width of the rapidity distribution and mean multiplicity – are presented and discussed. Furthermore, the dependence of the ratio of the mean number of produced pions to the mean number of wounded nucleons on the collision energy was derived. The results are compared to predictions of several models