Human Rights Protection and Terrorism - Reflections in the Context of Strasburg Jurisprudence

The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most asymmetrical, amorphous and hybrid threats to international security. At the beginning of the 21st century, terrorism grew to a pandemic. Ensuring freedom and security of individuals and nations has become one of the priority postulates. Terrorism steps out of all legal and analytic-descriptive standards. An immanent feature of terrorism, e.g. is constant conversion into malicious forms of violence. One of the most alarming changes is a tendency for debasement of essence of law, a state and human rights. Assurance of safety in widely accessible public places and in private life forces creation of various institutions, methods and forms of people control. However, one cannot in an arbitrary way limit civil freedom. Presented article stresses the fact that rational and informed approach to human rights should serve as a reference point for legislative and executive bodies. Selected individual applications to the European Court of Human Rights are presented, focusing on those based on which standards regarding protection of human rights in the face of pathological social phenomena, terrorism in particular, could be reconstructed and refined. Strasbourg standards may prove helpful in selecting and constructing new legal and legislative solutions, unifying and correlating prophylactic and preventive actions

The role of ‘green’ courts in shaping environmental justice in India and New Zealand

The depreciation of values, combined with the expansion of agriculture, industry and the economy, results in the erosion of existing protection mechanisms, as well as commodification and dominance of economic factors. The increasing degradation of the natural environment reveals an increasing number of areas requiring urgent and coordinated protection. The aim of the article is to present the innovative concept of green courts, which are creating a new architecture of modern environmental law. In the considerations, it is indicated that ‘green’ courts at a national level open the way to formulate new legal institutions, facilitate more effective the enforcement of environmental law, and solve legal disputes with alternative adjudicative processes. The article discusses environmental justice based on the example of India and New Zealand, which are among the first countries in the world to have developed an innovative judicial structure and environmental case law. The dogmatic method plays an essential role in the analysis of legal norms concerning the protection of environment, as well as in determining their content and scope. The source materials originate from various legal orders, and diverse cultural and geographical regions. Therefore, in order to discuss the indicated issues, it is necessary to use the comparative method, and thus complete the arguments of a dogmatic and legal nature. In order to present the origins and evolution of law in the scope concerning ‘green’ courts, the historical and legal method is used (temporal retrospection). The considerations emphasize the role of specialist ‘green’ courts in maintaining a balance between the economy, the development of society, and protecting the environmental wellbeing by shifting the focus of jurisprudence to the environmental domain. The article highlights the role of the application and interpretation of environmental norms from an ethical and intergenerational perspective

Pro Homine Principle: An Axiological Compass in Interpretation Norms in the Field of Human Rights

The pro homine principle plays an important role in the objectification of the legislative process and the interpretation of regulations. The  current  paper  presents  the  pro  homine  principle  as  a  means  of  realisation  and  a  “canon  of  interpretation”  in  the  pursuit  of  more  effective  and  more  efficient  protection  of  the  rights  of  the  individual.  The  discussed  principle  may  also  be  used  to  fill  in  lacunas  in  international  treaties,  as  well  as  to  ensure  axiological  cohesion,  which  may  lead  to  crystallisation,  clarification  of  norms  or  their  evolution  into  principles  of  conventional  nature.  Implementation  of  the  pro  homine  principle supports  in  detecting  and  counteracting  arbitrariness  and  identifying  protective  measures  that  remain  merely  declarative  in  nature

Freedom of Speech in the Face of Terrorism – Selected International Law Regulations

The essay presents freedom of speech from the perspective of international law regulations. The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most asymmetrical, amorphous and hybrid threats to international security and human rights. The author discusses freedom of speech in the context of anti-terrorism measures. Freedom of speech is a legal and axiological framework of democratic society. The media constitute an important source of information about social pathologies and threats. Terrorists use the media to depreciate the law and the state, and to generate chronic fear in society. The essay stresses the fact that a rational and informed approach to human rights should serve as a reference point for anti-terrorism. However, one cannot limit individual freedom in an arbitrary way. Public discourse helps reach an objective perception. This prevents the creation of a multiplied image, pseudo-reality and “double standards” for freedom of speech.835472Adam Mickiewicz University Law Revie

Odpowiedzialność państwa w kontekście funkcjonowania Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w Strasburgu

"Współcześnie w krajowych porządkach prawnych istnieją instrumenty ochrony praw i wolności człowieka. Niestety, zdarza się też, że z różnych powodów ochrona ta może być nieskuteczna lub nieefektywna. Ludzie poszukują wówczas sprawiedliwości w międzynarodowych organach ochrony the human rights. Kontrola prawno-międzynarodowa może wykazać bądź zdemaskować naruszenia lub nieprawidłowości zachodzące w tej dziedzinie. Wówczas wyłania się ważne pytanie o prawną odpowiedzialność organów władzy państwowej. Z drugiej strony taka kontrola może podnieść świadomość oraz zwiększyć stopień przestrzegania praw człowieka na płaszczyźnie krajowej."(...

Ecocide a threat to biological tissue and ecological safety = Ecocidio: una amenaza para el tejido biológico y la seguridad ecológica

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v20.2416Aborda o conceito de ecocídio e sua ameaça à segurança biológica e ecológica. Demonstra que as ações para prevenir o ecocídio são prejudicadas pelo ponto de referência existente na construção de normas ambientais. Defende que o ecocídio requer soluções tanto a nível da legislação nacional como de uma estratégia global com visão de futuro. Elaboa uma análise da relação entre o a natureza e o mundo humano

Prawa przyrody w ochronie środowiska i wzmacnianiu bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego

Prawa przyrody stanowią innowacyjną koncepcję prawną, która wpływa na przeformułowanie dotychczasowego sposobu ochrony środowiska naturalnego. W rozważaniach zostanie wykazane, że zasad­nicze założenie praw przyrody polega na przesunięciu punktu odniesienia z antropocentrycznego na ekocen­tryzm. Prawa przyrody zostaną omówione jako drogowskazy dla kształtowania nowej etyki środowiskowej w celu budowania bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego. Mogą one w efekcie stać się zasadą prawną wspierającą proces neutralizowania utylitarnego i przedmiotowego rozumienia środowiska na gruncie dotychczasowych norm prawnych. Przeprowadzone badania umożliwią dokonanie oceny przydatności i znaczenia praw przyro­dy dla wzmacniania bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego. Prawa przyrody tworzą nowy paradygmat ochrony śro­dowiska. W celu uzasadnienia postawionych hipotez badawczych posłużono się metodą porównawczą aktów prawa międzynarodowego z dokumentami prawnymi z różnych zakątków świata. Dopełnienie rozważań sta­nowi analiza relacji między naturą a światem człowieka

Prawna ochrona dóbr kultury. Wybrane regulacje oraz proponowane zmiany

"Obecnie obowiązująca ustawa z 23 lipca 2003 r. o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami (Dz.U. z 2003 r. Nr 162, poz. 1568 z późn. zm., zwana dalej uooz)1, zrezygnowała z posługiwania się pojęciem „dobro kultury” na rzecz jego polskiego odpowiednika „zabytek”. Mimo to pojęciem „dobro kultury” posługuje się w dalszym ciągu Konstytucja RP z 2 kwietnia 1997 r. (Dz.U. z 1997 r. Nr 78, poz. 483, zwana dalej Konstytucją RP), np. w art. 5 i 6."(...

Cultural Heritage in Poland - the Background, Opportunities and Dangers

Cultural heritage plays an invaluable role in the existence, sustenance and development of society. It is a factor in intergenerational transmission, exemplification and the formation of personality and identity. This book discusses the determinant factors, threats, history, the legal basis and actions undertaken in Poland for the protection of cultural heritage. It shows the multicultural, multi-ethnic and multi-faith Republic of Poland, which owes a significant proportion of its development in science, culture and art to representatives of other nations. It presents the issue of Jewish cultural heritage and national and ethnic minorities in cultural borderlands. Other subjects under discussion include e.g. protection of intangible cultural heritage, monuments and literary cultural property, but also cultural education. These reflections are accompanied by praxeological propositions, because for protection of cultural heritage to be of substantial impact, it must consist not only in scientific deliberations, but also practical, forward-looking applications built on intercultural dialogue

Europeizacja prawa

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape