Forensic prevention of crimes in criminal investigation techniques

The purpose of the article is to determine the place and role of forensic prevention in the structure of methods of investigation of certain types of crimes. The subject of research is the concept and features of forensic prevention. The research methodology includes general scientific and special methods of legal science: historical and legal method; structural and functional method; system and structural method, logical and semantic analysis method, formal and legal analysis method. Research results. The issues related to the characteristics of forensic crime prevention are considered. Different points of view on the role, significance and structure of forensic crime prevention are summarized and the conclusion that this legal institution is an integral part of forensic science is made. Practical implementation. The main methods and means of forensic prevention of criminal offenses are determined. Value / originality. It is concluded that the prevention of crimes should be aimed at neutralizing and eliminating the causes that contribute to their commission, and the pre-trial investigation authorities should play the key role in this process

The main directions of State policy in the area of arms trafficking in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to provide general description of the draft laws, which define the main directions of the State policy in the area of arms trafficking in Ukraine. Methodology: dialectical method, method of analysis and synthesis, logical and semantic method, system method, method of classification and grouping, inductive method were used in the course of the research. Research results: The scope of the draft laws in the area of arms trafficking in Ukraine is analyzed, their shortcomings, gaps and contradictions are identified. Practical consequences: Based on the study, it is concluded that it is necessary to develop and legislative implementation of the general concept of arms trafficking in Ukraine, which should define the main directions of public policy in this area. Value / originality: The author\u27s view on the expediency of distinguishing certain areas of State policy in the area of arms trafficking in Ukraine is substantiated

Вплив сульфат-іонних середовищ на фізико-механічну довговічність цементних виробів, модифікованих ефірами целюлози

The object of research is organic additives of methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose of medium and high viscosity, namely, their nature of the effect on the physical and mechanical durability under the destructive influence of various sulfate-ionic media. The need to study the nature of the effect of this additive on resistance to an aggressive environment is also associated mainly with the expansion of the types of building mixtures to create competitive products without losing product quality and to improve the mechanical and rheological properties.In the course of the study, cellulose ethers of medium (17000–23000 mPa∙s) and high (20,000–30,000 mP s) viscosity were used. Additives were added to the cement in the amount of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 wt. %. It was found that the introduction of cellulose ether into cement leads to an increase in the normal density of the dough and an extension of the setting time of solutions, in turn, affects the process of strength gain of the latter, in comparison with control samples without additives. With the introduction of the additive, the rate of water separation of the mixtures also significantly decreases, indicating the water-retention capacity of the additive. For the concentration of additives in the amount of 0.25 wt. %. This decrease is 2 times less than for control samples. For a concentration of 0.5–0.75 wt. % Water loss is reduced by 3 times compared to samples without additive. Significant changes also occur during the early strength gain of the samples with an increase in the additive concentration. The destructive effect of an aggressive sulfate medium was determined by the change in compressive strength. With prolonged exposure to an aggressive environment on control and test samples, it is noted that the introduction of this additive of organic origin negatively affects the strength characteristics of cement mixtures with cellulose ethers with an increase in the additive content. The above results indicate the advisability of using cellulose ethers of medium viscosity in dry building mixtures as such, which will provide the necessary storage time for the fluidity of the solution and sufficient strength of the final material.Объектом исследования являются органические добавки метилгидроксиетилцеллюлозы средней и высокой вязкости, а именно их характер воздействия на физико-механическую долговечность под разрушающим действием различных сульфат-ионных сред. Необходимость изучения характера влияния данной добавки на устойчивость к воздействию агрессивных сред также в основном связана с расширением ассортимента строительных смесей для создания конкурентоспособной продукции без потери качества продукции и для улучшения механико-реологических свойств.В ходе исследования использовались эфиры целлюлозы средней (17000–23000 мПа∙с) и высокой (20000–30000 мПа∙с) вязкости. Добавки вводились в цемент в количестве 0,25, 0,5 и 0,75 мас. %. Установлено, что введение эфира целлюлозы в цемент приводит к увеличению нормальной густоты теста и удлинению сроков схватывания растворов, что в свою очередь влияет на процесс набора прочности последних, в сравнении с контрольными образцами без добавки. При добавлении добавки также значительно уменьшается показатель водоотделения смесей, что свидетельствует о водоудерживающей способности добавки. Для концентрации добавок в количестве 0,25 масс. % это уменьшение составляет в 2 раза меньше, чем для контрольных образцов. Для концентрации 0,5–0,75 масс. % водоотделение уменьшается в 3 раза, по сравнению с образцами без добавки. Существенные изменения происходят и во время набора ранней прочности образцов при увеличении концентрации добавки. Разрушающее воздействие агрессивной сульфатной среды определялось по изменению прочности на сжатие. При длительном воздействии агрессивной среды на контрольные и проектные образцы отмечалось, что наличие данной добавки органического происхождения негативно влияет на прочностные характеристики цементных смесей с эфирами целлюлозы при росте содержания добавки. Приведенные результаты указывают на целесообразность использования эфиров целлюлозы средней вязкости в сухих строительных смесях как таковых, которые обеспечат необходимые сроки хранения подвижности раствора и достаточную прочность конечного материала.Об’єктом дослідження є органічні добавки метилгідроксиетилцелюлози середньої та високої в’язкості, а саме їх характер впливу на фізико-механічну довговічність під руйнуючою дією різних сульфат-іонних середовищ. Необхідність вивчення характеру впливу даної добавки на стійкість до впливу агресивних середовищ також пов’язана здебільшого через розширення асортименту будівельних сумішей для створення конкурентоспроможної продукції без втрати якості продукції та для поліпшення механіко-реологічних властивостей.У ході дослідження використовувалися ефіри целюлози середньої (17000–23000 мПа∙с) та високої (20000–30000 мПа∙с) в’язкості. Добавки вводилися в цемент в кількості 0,25, 0,5 та 0,75 мас. %. Встановлено, що введення ефіру целюлози в цемент призводить до збільшення нормальної густоти тіста та подовження строків тужавлення розчинів, що у свою чергу впливає на процес набору міцності останніх, в порівнянні до контрольних зразків без добавки. При введенні добавки також значно зменшується показник водовідділення сумішей, що свідчить про водоутримувальну здатність добавки. Для концентрації добавок у кількості 0,25 мас. % це зменшення складає в 2 рази менше, ніж для контрольних зразків. Для концентрації 0,5–0,75 мас. % водовідділення зменшується в 3 рази, в порівнянні із зразками без добавки. Суттєві зміни відбуваються і під час набору ранньої міцності зразків при збільшенні концентрації добавки. Руйнуючий вплив агресивного сульфатного середовища визначався по зміні міцності на стиск. При довготривалому впливі агресивного середовища на контрольні та дослідні зразки відмічається, що введення даної добавки органічного походження негативно впливає на характеристики міцності цементних сумішей з ефірами целюлози при зростанні вмісту добавки. Наведені результати вказують на доцільність використовування ефірів целюлози середньої в’язкості в сухих будівельних сумішах як таких, що забезпечать необхідні строки зберігання рухливості розчину та достатню міцність кінцевого матеріалу

European Atlas of Natural Radiation

Natural ionizing radiation is considered as the largest contributor to the collective effective dose received by the world population. The human population is continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from several natural sources that can be classified into two broad categories: high-energy cosmic rays incident on the Earth’s atmosphere and releasing secondary radiation (cosmic contribution); and radioactive nuclides generated during the formation of the Earth and still present in the Earth’s crust (terrestrial contribution). Terrestrial radioactivity is mostly produced by the uranium and thorium radioactive families together with potassium. In most circumstances, radon, a noble gas produced in the radioactive decay of uranium, is the most important contributor to the total dose. This Atlas aims to present the current state of knowledge of natural radioactivity, by giving general background information, and describing its various sources. This reference material is complemented by a collection of maps of Europe displaying the levels of natural radioactivity caused by different sources. It is a compilation of contributions and reviews received from more than 80 experts in their field: they come from universities, research centres, national and European authorities and international organizations. This Atlas provides reference material and makes harmonized datasets available to the scientific community and national competent authorities. In parallel, this Atlas may serve as a tool for the public to: • familiarize itself with natural radioactivity; • be informed about the levels of natural radioactivity caused by different sources; • have a more balanced view of the annual dose received by the world population, to which natural radioactivity is the largest contributor; • and make direct comparisons between doses from natural sources of ionizing radiation and those from man-made (artificial) ones, hence to better understand the latter.JRC.G.10-Knowledge for Nuclear Security and Safet

European Atlas of Natural Radiation

Natural ionizing radiation is considered as the largest contributor to the collective effective dose received by the world population. The human population is continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from several natural sources that can be classified into two broad categories: high-energy cosmic rays incident on the Earth’s atmosphere and releasing secondary radiation (cosmic contribution); and radioactive nuclides generated during the formation of the Earth and still present in the Earth’s crust (terrestrial contribution). Terrestrial radioactivity is mostly produced by the uranium and thorium radioactive families together with potassium. In most circumstances, radon, a noble gas produced in the radioactive decay of uranium, is the most important contributor to the total dose.This Atlas aims to present the current state of knowledge of natural radioactivity, by giving general background information, and describing its various sources. This reference material is complemented by a collection of maps of Europe displaying the levels of natural radioactivity caused by different sources. It is a compilation of contributions and reviews received from more than 80 experts in their field: they come from universities, research centres, national and European authorities and international organizations.This Atlas provides reference material and makes harmonized datasets available to the scientific community and national competent authorities. In parallel, this Atlas may serve as a tool for the public to: • familiarize itself with natural radioactivity;• be informed about the levels of natural radioactivity caused by different sources;• have a more balanced view of the annual dose received by the world population, to which natural radioactivity is the largest contributor;• and make direct comparisons between doses from natural sources of ionizing radiation and those from man-made (artificial) ones, hence to better understand the latter.Additional information at: https://remon.jrc.ec.europa.eu/About/Atlas-of-Natural-Radiatio

Taste-Masked Pellets of Warfarin Sodium: Formulation towards the Dose Personalisation

The bitter drug, warfarin, has a narrow therapeutic index (NTI) and is used in paediatrics and geriatrics. The aim of this feasibility study was to formulate the taste-masked warfarin-containing pellets to be applicable for dose personalisation and to improve patient compliance, as well as to investigate the effect of the core type (PharSQ® Spheres M, CELPHERE™ CP-507, and NaCl) on the warfarin release from the Kollicoat® Smartseal taste-masking-coated pellets. The cores were successfully drug-loaded and coated in a fluid-bed coater with a Wurster insert. An increase in particle size and particle size distribution was observed by optical microscopy. In saliva-simulated pH, at the Kollicoat® Smartseal level of 2 mg/cm2, none of the pellets demonstrated drug release, confirming their efficient taste-masking. However, in a stomach-simulated pH, a faster drug release was observed from PharSQ® Spheres M- and CELPHERE™ CP-507-coated pellets in comparison with NaCl cores. Additional experiments allowed us to explain the slower drug release from NaCl-containing pellets because of the salting-out effect. Despite the successful taste masking, the drug release from pellets was relatively slow (not more than 91% per 60 min), allowing for further formulation improvements