Subjektivní teorie a jednání učitelů: vícečetná případová studie v kontextu profesního rozvoje učitelů

Title in English: Teachers‘ Subjective Theories and Behaviour: A Multiple Case Study in the Context of Teachers’ Professional Development. Subjective theories are relatively stable cognitive structures, which guide approach to the educational process. Thee monograph presents four cases of civics teachers with the aim to illustrate their subjective theories concerning the meaning and goal of the subject taught and the psycho-didactic transformation of these goals into realised opportunities for pupils’ learning

Být sama sebou: případová studie subjektivních teorií učitelky v kontextu profesního rozvoje

Případová studie představuje subjektivní teorie řídící jednání učitelky humanitních předmětů ve škole s obtížnými podmínkami. Navazuje na předchozí publikace autora, které šíře vymezily výzkumný koncept, cíle a metodologii. Studie představuje základní analytické přístupy ke zpracování dat sebraných v přirozeném prostředí realizace výuky: (a) rekonstruování subjektivních teorií učitelky, (b) ověření jejich adekvátnosti porovnáním s reálnou výukou, (c) sémantické porovnání subjektivních teorií řídících jednání učitelky s informacemi o jejím profesním rozvoji, (d) analýza a diskuse kongruence zjištění v kontextu pedagogické vědy; a otevírá tak možnosti pro další analýzy a syntetické zpracování sebraných dat, které svým rozsahem již překračují rámec a možnosti této studie. Případová studie naznačuje, že sledovaná učitelka sdílí některé charakteristiky s učiteli experty (Píšová et al., 2013). Ukázala se též vysoká míra konzistence jejího myšlení a jednání, stejně jako vysoká míra zvažování a uvažování o vlastním jednání v širším kontextu jejího profesního rozvoje (Hargreaves & Fullan, 2012). V závěru studie jsou shrnuty poznatky a formulována doporučení pro další výzkum subjektivních teorií učitelky v kontextu jejího profesního rozvoje.Případová studie představuje subjektivní teorie řídící jednání učitelky humanitních předmětů ve škole s obtížnými podmínkami. Navazuje na předchozí publikace autora, které šíře vymezily výzkumný koncept, cíle a metodologii. Studie představuje základní analytické přístupy ke zpracování dat sebraných v přirozeném prostředí realizace výuky: (a) rekonstruování subjektivních teorií učitelky, (b) ověření jejich adekvátnosti porovnáním s reálnou výukou, (c) sémantické porovnání subjektivních teorií řídících jednání učitelky s informacemi o jejím profesním rozvoji, (d) analýza a diskuse kongruence zjištění v kontextu pedagogické vědy; a otevírá tak možnosti pro další analýzy a syntetické zpracování sebraných dat, které svým rozsahem již překračují rámec a možnosti této studie. Případová studie naznačuje, že sledovaná učitelka sdílí některé charakteristiky s učiteli experty (Píšová et al., 2013). Ukázala se též vysoká míra konzistence jejího myšlení a jednání, stejně jako vysoká míra zvažování a uvažování o vlastním jednání v širším kontextu jejího profesního rozvoje (Hargreaves & Fullan, 2012). V závěru studie jsou shrnuty poznatky a formulována doporučení pro další výzkum subjektivních teorií učitelky v kontextu jejího profesního rozvoje.The case study presents subjective theories guiding behaviour of a Social Studies teacher at school working in difficult conditions. It builds on previous publications of the author, which defined broadly the research concept, objectives and methodology. The study presents basic analytical approaches to data collecting process in the natural environment of the teacher‘s instruction: (a) reconstituting subjective theories of the teacher, (b) verifying their adequacy by comparing with the actual teaching, (c) semantic comparison of subjective theories guiding the teacher’s behaviour with information about her professional development, (d) analysis and discussion of congruence of findings in the context of educational science, and so opens up possibilities for further analysis and synthetic processing of collected data, an objective that would go already beyond the scope and range possibilities of this paper. The case study demonstrates that the observed teacher shares some characteristics with expert teachers (Píšová et al., 2013). It also showed a high degree of consistency of thought and action of the teacher, as well as a high degree of reflection on action in the wider context of professional development (Hargreaves & Fullan, 2012). At the end of the study, the findings are summarized and some recommendations are formulated for further research on teachers’ subjective theories in the context of their professional development

Spanning paths in hypercubes

Given a family $\{u_i,v_i\}_{i=1}^k$ of pairwise distinct vertices of the $n$-dimensional hypercube $Q_n$ such that the distance of $u_i$ and $v_i$ is odd and $k \leq n-1$, there exists a family $\{P_i\}_{i=1}^k$ of paths such that $u_i$ and $v_i$ are the endvertices of $P_i$ and $\{V(P_i)\}_{i=1}^k$ partitions $V(Q_n)$. This holds for any $n \geq 2$ with one exception in the case when $n=k+1=4$. On the other hand, for any $n \geq 3$ there exist $n$ pairs of vertices satisfying the above condition for which such a family of spanning paths does not exist. We suggest further generalization of this result and explore a relationship to the problem of hamiltonicity of hypercubes with faulty vertices

Long-term genetic monitoring of a reintroduced Eurasian lynx population does not indicate an ongoing loss of genetic diversity

Where reintroduced wildlife populations are considered as vulnerable this is generally due to limited founder size and isolation. While many of these populations show low levels of genetic diversity, little is known about the temporal patterns of genetic diversity loss and the role of initial founder effects vs. ongoing genetic drift. Here we analysed genotype data from 582 Eurasian lynx samples from the reintroduced Bohemian-Bavarian-Austrian population (BBA) over a time span of 35 years, representing approximately 13 generations. Two-wave reintroduction of lynx from at least two distinct West-Carpathian areas resulted in relatively high start-up of genetic diversity. After the initial decline when the population lost about a quarter of its genetic diversity compared to the Carpathian source population, the genetic diversity and effective population size remained almost unchanged over the next 20 years. Despite confirmed isolation of BBA and thus absence of gene flow, we detected relatively low inbreeding during the two recent decades within the slightly increasing population size, which may have prevented ongoing loss of genetic diversity. Given the current status of BBA, we do not support genetic reinforcement to maintain its long-term viability; but urge the importance of facilitating gene flow with neighbouring lynx populations through an improvement of landscape connectivity and by strengthening law enforcement as well as the prevention of illegal killings. A sound genetic monitoring alongside regular camera trap-based monitoring of population size, health status and reproduction is pivotal to decide on future conservation interventions.publishedVersio

Human disturbance is the most limiting factor driving habitat selection of a large carnivore throughout Continental Europe

Habitat selection is a multi-scale process driven by trade-offs between benefits, such as resource abundance, and disadvantages, such as the avoidance of risk. The latter includes human disturbances, to which large carnivores, with their large spatial requirements, are especially sensitive. We investigated the ecological processes underlying multi-scale habitat selection of a large carnivore, namely Eurasian lynx, across European landscapes characterized by different levels of human modification. Using a unique dataset of 125 lynx from 9 study sites across Europe, we compared used and available locations within landscape and home-range scales using a novel Mixed Effect randomForest approach, while considering environmental predictors as proxies for human disturbances and environmental resources. At the landscape scale, lynx avoided roads and human settlements, while at the home-range scale natural landscape features associated with shelter and prey abundance were more important. The results showed sex was of relatively low variable importance for lynx's general habitat selection behaviour. We found increasingly homogeneous responses across study sites with finer selection scales, suggesting that study site differences determined coarse selection, while utilization of resources at the finer selection scale was broadly universal. Thereby describing lynx's requirement, if not preference, for heterogeneous forests and shelter from human disturbances and implying that regional differences in coarse-scale selection are driven by availability rather than preference. These results provide crucial information for conserving this species in human-dominated landscapes, as well as for the first time, to our knowledge, generalising habitat selection behaviour of a large carnivore species at a continental scale.acceptedVersio

Prerequisites for coexistence: human pressure and refuge habitat availability shape continental‑scale habitat use patterns of a large carnivore

Context Adjustments in habitat use by large carnivores can be a key factor facilitating their coexistence with people in shared landscapes. Landscape composition might be a key factor determining how large carnivores can adapt to occurring alongside humans, yet broad-scale analyses investigating adjustments of habitat use across large gradients of human pressure and landscape composition are lacking. Objectives Here, we investigate adjustments in habitat use by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in response to varying availability of refuge habitats (i.e., forests and rugged terrain) and human landscape modifcation. Methods Using a large tracking dataset including 434 individuals from seven populations, we assess functional responses in lynx habitat use across two spatial scales, testing for variation by sex, daytime, and season. Results We found that lynx use refuge habitats more intensively with increasing landscape modifcation across spatial scales, selecting forests most strongly in otherwise open landscapes and rugged terrain in mountainous regions. Moreover, higher forest availability enabled lynx to place their home ranges in more human-modifed landscapes. Human pressure and refuge habitat availability also shaped temporal patterns of lynx habitat use, with lynx increasing refuge habitat use and reducing their use of human-modifed areas during periods of high exposure (daytime) or high vulnerability (postnatal period) to human pressure. Conclusions Our fndings suggest a remarkable adaptive capacity of lynx towards human pressure and underline the importance of refuge habitats across scales for enabling coexistence between large carnivores and people. More broadly, we highlight that the composition of landscapes determines how large carnivores can adapt to human pressure and thus play an important role shaping large carnivore habitat use and distributions.publishedVersio

Integrating animal tracking datasets at a continental scale for mapping Eurasian lynx habitat

Aim: The increasing availability of animal tracking datasets collected across many sites provides new opportunities to move beyond local assessments to enable de-tailed and consistent habitat mapping at biogeographical scales. However, integrating wildlife datasets across large areas and study sites is challenging, as species' varying responses to different environmental contexts must be reconciled. Here, we compare approaches for large-area habitat mapping and assess available habitat for a recolo-nizing large carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx).Location: Europe.Methods: We use a continental-scale animal tracking database (450 individuals from 14 study sites) to systematically assess modelling approaches, comparing (1) global strategies that pool all data for training versus building local, site-specific models and combining them, (2) different approaches for incorporating regional variation in habi-tat selection and (3) different modelling algorithms, testing nonlinear mixed effects models as well as machine-learning algorithms.Results: Testing models on training sites and simulating model transfers, global and local modelling strategies achieved overall similar predictive performance. Model performance was the highest using flexible machine-learning algorithms and when incorporating variation in habitat selection as a function of environmental variation. Our best-performing model used a weighted combination of local, site-specific habi-tat models. Our habitat maps identified large areas of suitable, but currently unoccu-pied lynx habitat, with many of the most suitable unoccupied areas located in regions that could foster connectivity between currently isolated populations.Main Conclusions: We demonstrate that global and local modelling strategies can achieve robust habitat models at the continental scale and that considering regional variation in habitat selection improves broad-scale habitat mapping. More generally, we highlight the promise of large wildlife tracking databases for large-area habitat mapping. Our maps provide the first high-resolution, yet continental assessment of lynx habitat across Europe, providing a consistent basis for conservation planning for restoring the species within its former range.publishedVersio

Dobývání slojí o mocnosti 0,8 až 1,4 m na závodě Nejedlý Kamenouhelných dolů Kladno

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