Mechanisms of oncogene-induced replication stress:jigsaw falling into place

Oncogene activation disturbs cellular processes and accommodates a complex landscape of changes in the genome that contribute to genomic instability, which accelerates mutation rates and promotes tumorigenesis. Part of this cellular turmoil involves deregulation of physiologic DNA replication, widely described as replication stress. Oncogene-induced replication stress is an early driver of genomic instability and is attributed to a plethora of factors, most notably aberrant origin firing, replication–transcription collisions, reactive oxygen species, and defective nucleotide metabolism. Significance: Replication stress is a fundamental step and an early driver of tumorigenesis and has been associated with many activated oncogenes. Deciphering the mechanisms that contribute to the replication stress response may provide new avenues for targeted cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the DNA replication stress response and examine the various mechanisms through which activated oncogenes induce replication stress

Inference of protein kinetics by stochastic modeling and simulation of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments

Motivation: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a functional live cell imaging technique that permits the exploration of protein dynamics in living cells. To extract kinetic parameters from FRAP data, a number of analytical models have been developed. Simplifications are inherent in these models, which may lead to inexhaustive or inaccurate exploitation of the experimental data. An appealing alternative is offered by the simulation of biological processes in realistic environments at a particle level. However, inference of kinetic parameters using simulation-based models is still limited. Results: We introduce and demonstrate a new method for the inference of kinetic parameter values from FRAP data. A small number of in silico FRAP experiments is used to construct a mapping from FRAP recovery curves to the parameters of the underlying protein kinetics. Parameter estimates from experimental data can then be computed by applying the mapping to the observed recovery curves. A bootstrap process is used to investigate identifiability of the physical parameters and determine confidence regions for their estimates. Our method circumvents the computational burden of seeking the best-fitting parameters via iterative simulation. After validation on synthetic data, the method is applied to the analysis of the nuclear proteins Cdt1, PCNA and GFPnls. Parameter estimation results from several experimental samples are in accordance with previous findings, but also allow us to discuss identifiability issues as well as cell-to-cell variability of the protein kinetics. Implementation: All methods were implemented in MATLAB R2011b. Monte Carlo simulations were run on the HPC cluster Brutus of ETH Zurich. Contact: [email protected] or [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics onlin

BRCA2 and RAD51 promote double-strand break formation and cell death in response to Gemcitabine

Replication inhibitors cause replication fork stalling and double-strand breaks (DSBs) that result from processing of stalled forks. During recovery from replication blocks, the homologous recombination (HR) factor RAD51 mediates fork restart and DSB repair. HR defects therefore sensitise cells to replication inhibitors, with clear implications for cancer therapy. Gemcitabine is a potent replication inhibitor used to treat cancers with mutations in HR genes such as BRCA2. Here we investigate why, paradoxically, mutations in HR genes protect cells from killing by Gemcitabine. Using DNA replication and -damage assays in mammalian cells, we show that even short Gemcitabine treatments cause persistent replication inhibition. BRCA2 and RAD51 are recruited to chromatin early after removal of the drug, actively inhibit replication fork progression and promote the formation of MUS81- and XPF-dependent DSBs that remain unrepaired. Our data suggest that HR intermediates formed at Gemcitabine-stalled forks are converted into DSBs and thus contribute to Gemcitabine-induced cell death, which could have implications for the treatment response of HR-deficient tumours

Running title: Maximal loading of MCM2/4 in late G1

Once-per-cell cycle replication is regulated through the assembly onto chromatin of multisubunit protein complexes that license DNA for a further round of replication. Licensing consists of the loading of the hexameric MCM2-7 complex onto chromatin during G1 phase and is dependent on the licensing factor Cdt1. In vitro experiments have suggested a two-step binding mode for minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins, with transient initial interactions converted to stable chromatin loading. Here, we assess MCM loading in live human cells using an in vivo licensing assay on the basis of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of GFP-tagged MCM protein subunits through the cell cycle. We show that, in telophase, MCM2 and MCM4 maintain transient interactions with chromatin, exhibiting kinetics similar to Cdt1. These are converted to stable interactions from early G1 phase. The immobile fraction of MCM2 and MCM4 increases during G1 phase, suggestive of reiterative licensing. In late G1 phase, a large fraction of MCM proteins are loaded onto chromatin, with maximal licensing observed just prior to S phase onset. Fluorescence loss in photobleaching experiments show subnuclear concentrations of MCM-chromatin interactions that differ as G1 phase progresses and do not colocalize with sites of DNA synthesis in S phase.Fil: Symeonidou, Ioanna Eleni. University of Patras. School of Medicine. Laboratory of General Biology; Grecia;Fil: Kotsantis, Panagiotis. University of Patras. School of Medicine. Laboratory of General Biology; Grecia;Fil: Roukos, Vassilis. University of Patras. School of Medicine. Laboratory of General Biology; Grecia;Fil: Rapsomaniki, Maria Anna. University of Patras. School of Medicine. Laboratory of General Biology; Grecia;Fil: Grecco, Hernan Edgardo. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology. Department of Systemic Cell Biology; Alemania; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina;Fil: Bastiaens, Philippe. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology. Department of Systemic Cell Biology; Alemania;Fil: Taraviras, Stavros. University of Patras. School of Medicine. Laboratory of Physiology; Grecia;Fil: Lygerou, Zoi. University of Patras. School of Medicine. Laboratory of General Biology; Grecia

Increased global transcription activity as a mechanism of replication stress in cancer

Cancer is a disease associated with genomic instability that often results from oncogene activation. This in turn leads to hyperproliferation and replication stress. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie oncogene-induced replication stress are still poorly understood. Oncogenes such as HRAS(V12) promote proliferation by upregulating general transcription factors to stimulate RNA synthesis. Here we investigate whether this increase in transcription underlies oncogene-induced replication stress. We show that in cells overexpressing HRAS(V12), elevated expression of the general transcription factor TATA-box binding protein (TBP) leads to increased RNA synthesis, which together with R-loop accumulation results in replication fork slowing and DNA damage. Furthermore, overexpression of TBP alone causes the hallmarks of oncogene-induced replication stress, including replication fork slowing, DNA damage and senescence. Consequently, we reveal that increased transcription can be a mechanism of oncogene-induced DNA damage, providing a molecular link between upregulation of the transcription machinery and genomic instability in cancer

Effect of DNA damage on the spatiotemporal regulation of DNA licensing factors

Licensing DNA for replication involves the formation of pre-replicative complexes on chromatin, consisting of the proteins ORC, Cdt1, Cdc6 and MCM2-7. Cdt1 is degraded following DNA damage and this suggests a regulatory crosstalk between DNA licensing and DNA damage response (DDR) systems. Here the molecular interplay between these two systems was studied in human cell cultures. The kinetics of Cdt1 degradation in response to UV irradiation was shown to differ in different human cell lines, exhibiting a delay in MCF7 cells in comparison to HeLa, U2OS and human fibroblasts, which implies a difference in the DDR sensitivity of these cells. By studying the spatial regulation of Cdt1 in response to localized DNA damage, the accumulation of Cdt1 in UV irradiated sites prior to its degradation was recorded. Proteins participating in the degradation of Cdt1 through ubiquitin dependent proteolysis (PCNA and Cdt2), as well as protein p21 which is targeted by the same ubiquitin ligase following DNA damage, were also shown to accumulate at UV irradiated sites. Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments showed that Cdt1, Cdt2, PCNA and p21 exhibit altered kinetics at UV irradiated sites. Silencing of Cdt1 expression revealed an inhibitory role of Cdt1 in the repair of double strand breaks through homologous recombination during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In the second part of this thesis, we introduced an in vivo licensing assay based on FRAP in MCF7 cells stably expressing MCM4 tagged with the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). This assay allows the study of the kinetic behaviour of MCM4 in live cells and in real time. A plasmid expressing GFP-MCM4 was constructed and MCF7 cells stably expressing this plasmid were produced. The GFP-MCM4 cell line was further characterized to ensure a correct cell cycle profile, GFP-MCM4 levels, subcellular localization, interactions with other MCM proteins and binding to chromatin. FRAP experiments on the stable GFP-MCM4 cells verified that the assay could successfully distinguish between licensed and unlicensed state. Using this assay, the effect of UV irradiation on MCM4 kinetics was studied. UV irradiation led to a decrease in the fraction of MCM4 binding to chromatin. This effect was more profound in middle G1 phase and was restricted to the site of UV irradiation. In conclusion, this thesis addressed the interaction of DNA licensing and DNA damage response systems and introduced an in vivo DNA licensing assay. Licensing proteins Cdt1 and MCM4 were shown to respond to DNA damage, with Cdt1 affecting the double strand break repair choice pathway and MCM4 exhibiting reduced chromatin binding following UV irradiation.Η αδειοδότηση της αντιγραφής του DNA συνίσταται στη συγκρότηση προαντιγραφικών συμπλόκων στη χρωματίνη, στα οποία μετέχουν οι πρωτεΐνες ORC, Cdt1, Cdc6 και MCM2-7. Η πρωτεΐνη Cdt1 αποικοδομείται μετά από βλάβη στο DNA και ενδέχεται να συνδέει το σύστημα αδειοδότησης και το σύστημα απόκρισης σε βλάβη στο DNA. Στη διδακτορική αυτή διατριβή μελετήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση των συστημάτων αδειοδότησης και απόκρισης σε βλάβη στο DNA με μεθόδους λειτουργικής μικροσκοπίας σε ανθρώπινα κύτταρα, εστιάζοντας στους παράγοντες αδειοδότησης Cdt1 και MCM4. Ο παράγοντας Cdt1 μελετήθηκε μετά από καθολική και εντοπισμένη έκθεση ανθρώπινων κυττάρων σε υπεριώδη ακτινοβολία (UV). Δείχθηκε ότι ακτινοβόληση με UV οδηγεί στην αποικοδόμηση του παράγοντα Cdt1 σε διαφορετικές κυτταρικές σειρές. Ο χρόνος αποικοδόμησης της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 όμως διαφοροποιείται σημαντικά ανάλογα με τον κυτταρικό τύπο και συγκεκριμένα παρουσιάζει καθυστέρηση στην κυτταρική σειρά καρκινώματος μαστού MCF7 σε σχέση με άλλες καρκινικές σειρές (HeLa, U2OS) και φυσιολογικούς ανθρώπινους ινοβλάστες. Μελέτη της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 στο χώρο μετά από εντοπισμένη ακτινοβόληση μιας μικρής υποπεριοχής του πυρήνα έδειξε ότι η πρωτεΐνη Cdt1 συσσωρεύεται στην περιοχή της βλάβης από υπεριώδη ακτινοβολία πριν από την αποικοδόμηση της. Παράλληλα, παρατηρήθηκε συσσώρευση στην περιοχή της βλάβης από UV των πρωτεϊνών PCNA, Cdt2 (συστατικό του Cul4-DDB1Cdt2 συστήματος ουβικουιτίνωσης, που είναι υπεύθυνο για την αποικοδόμηση του παράγοντα Cdt1), καθώς και της πρωτεΐνης p21 που στοχεύεται από το ίδιο σύστημα. Πειράματα επαναφοράς φθορισμού σε ζωντανά κύτταρα (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, FRAP) έδειξαν ότι στις περιοχές εντοπισμένης ακτινοβόλησης με UV οι πρωτεΐνες Cdt1, Cdt2, PCNA και p21 εμφανίζουν τροποποιημένη κινητική συμπεριφορά. Πειράματα αποσιώπησης της έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 ανέδειξαν έναν ανασταλτικό ρόλο για το Cdt1 στο μονοπάτι επιδιόρθωσης διπλών θραύσεων με ομόλογο ανασυνδυασμό κατά τη διάρκεια της G1 φάσης. Στο δεύτερο μέρος αυτής της εργασίας, εισάγαμε μια νέα in vivo μέθοδο μελέτης της αδειοδότησης που στηρίζεται στην εφαρμογή της FRAP τεχνικής σε MCF7 κύτταρα σταθερά διαμολυσμένα με την πρωτεΐνη MCM4 σημασμένη με την πράσινη φθορίζουσα πρωτεΐνη GFP (GFP-MCM4). Η μέθοδος αυτή επιτρέπει τη μελέτη της κινητικής συμπεριφοράς της πρωτεΐνης MCM4 σε ζωντανά κύτταρα και σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Δείχθηκε ότι το σύστημα αναπαράγει τη λειτουργία της ενδογενούς MCM4 πρωτεΐνης και μπορεί να διακρίνει επιτυχώς μεταξύ αδειοδοτημένης και μη κατάστασης. Ακολούθως, το σύστημα χρησιμοποιήθηκε για να μελετηθεί η επίδραση της υπεριώδους ακτινοβολίας στην αδειοδότηση της χρωματίνης για αντιγραφή. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι επίδραση με υπεριώδη ακτινοβολία οδηγεί σε μείωση του κλάσματος της MCM4 που είναι προσδεδεμένο στη χρωματίνη. Περαιτέρω μελέτη έδειξε ότι η μείωση αυτή παρουσιάζεται στη φάση G1 του κυτταρικού κύκλου και περιορίζεται στην περιοχή της βλάβης, δείχνοντας ότι αποτελεί εντοπισμένη απόκριση του κυττάρου στην ύπαρξη βλάβης. Συμπερασματικά, η συγκεκριμένη διδακτορική διατριβή ανέδειξε την αλληλεπίδραση των συστημάτων αδειοδότησης της αντιγραφής του DNA και της κυτταρικής απόκρισης σε βλάβη στο DNA και εισήγαγε μια νέα μέθοδο μελέτης της αδειοδότησης της αντιγραφής του DNA. Μελετήθηκαν οι παράγοντες του συστήματος αδειοδότησης Cdt1 και MCM4, οι οποίοι αποκρίνονται στη βλάβη στο DNA, με το Cdt1 να παίζει ρόλο στην επιλογή επιδιορθωτικού μηχανισμού μετά από πρόκληση βλάβης διπλών θραύσεων του DNA και την πρωτεΐνη MCM4 να εμφανίζει μειωμένη πρόσδεση στη χρωματίνη στην περιοχή της βλάβης μετά από ακτινοβόληση με UV

Cancer Therapy and Replication Stress: Forks on the Road to Perdition

Deregulated DNA replication occurs in cancer where it contributes to genomic instability. This process is a target of cytotoxic therapies. Chemotherapies exploit high DNA replication in cancer cells by modifying the DNA template or by inhibiting vital enzymatic activities that lead to slowing or stalling replication fork progression. Stalled replication forks can be converted into toxic DNA double-strand breaks resulting in cell death, i.e., replication stress. While likely crucial for many cancer treatments, replication stress is poorly understood due to its complexity. While we still know relatively little about the role of replication stress in cancer therapy, technical advances in recent years have shed new light on the effect that cancer therapeutics have on replication forks and the molecular mechanisms that lead from obstructed fork progression to cell death. This chapter will give an overview of our current understanding of replication stress in the context of cancer therapy

Role of transcription in oncogene-induced replication stress

The study, dealt with a subject of much interest in recent times and it is giving feedback, since it has implications on taxation and corporations, for which the technique was applied through the questionnaire survey, which consisted of questions related to indicators of both variables, making a survey of the directors, accountants and managers of football clubs in Peru First Division, who with their contributions helped to clarify this issue.El estudio realizado, trató sobre un tema de mucho interés en los últimos tiempos y que viene dando comentarios, toda vez que trata sobre las implicancias que tiene la tributación y las sociedades anónimas, para lo cual se aplicó la técnica de la encuesta mediante el cuestionario, el cual estuvo conformada por preguntas relacionadas con los indicadores de ambas variables, haciendo una encuesta a los Directores, Contadores y Administradores de los Clubes de Fútbol de Primera División del Perú, quienes con sus aportes ayudaron a clarificar este problema