Applied Mineralogy in Forensic Science field

1 ABSTRAKT Aplikovaná mineralogie má nečekaně široké uplatnění ve forenzní oblasti. Jde jednak o mineralogické fáze, které se objevují v celé řadě materiálů a stop, ale i o postupy mineralogické analýzy, které jsou často využívány v oblasti tzv. mikrostop. Pro účely této práce byly vybrány 4 významné oblasti forenzní mikroanalýzy, kde se aplikovaná mineralogie uplatňuje a které charakterizují šíři a heterogenitu do- tčené sféry. Prášková rentgenstrukturní mikrodifrakce má ve forenzní oblasti poměrně významnou a nezastupi- telnou roli nejen pro možnost přímé fázové analýzy látek ve směsích. Byla navržena, testována a zave- dena souprava pro centraci, justaci a přímou kontrolu analyzované plochy při mikrodifrakční analýze a experimentálně optimalizovány parametry snímání pro jednotlivé sestavy systému. Byla testována možnost výpočtu velikosti, resp. monokrystalových domén u nanočástic. Aplikace XRD metod umožňují zpřesnění organické analýzy např. u tzv. nových syntetických drog. Mikrodifrakce byla také použita při první komplexní fázové analýze barevných vrstev oltáře v kapli hradu Křivoklát (datované 1480-1490). Forenzní analýza zeminových fází, byla původně v české kriminalistické a znalecké praxi prováděna poměrně jednoduše. Autorem byl postupně zaveden komplexní systém, který zpracovává všechny do-...1 ABSTRACT Surprisingly, applied mineralogy plays an important role in the forensic science field. It is the miner- alogical phases which exist in many kinds of materials and traces but also the mineralogical analysis procedures which are often used in the field of so called trace evidence. For purposes of this study, 4 important fields of forensic microanalysis were chosen. These are those fields in which applied min- eralogy is applied and which characterize the width and heterogeneity of the concerned area. Powder X-ray microdiffraction plays quite an important and irreplaceable role not only in the direct phase analysis of substances in mixtures. The author designed, tested and introduced a set for centra- tion and direct check of the analysed surface during micro-diffraction analysis and also experimentally optimised sensing parameters for the different system configuration. A possibility to calculate the size of the nanoparticles (more precisely the size of a mono crystal domain) was tested. XRD methods ap- plication allows refining organic analysis for example in the case of new synthetic drugs. Micro diffrac- tion was also used for the first complex phase analysis of colour layers of the altar in the chapel in the castle of Křivoklát (dated 1480 - 1490). Forensic analysis of soil phases used to be,...Ústav geochemie, mineralogie a nerostných zdrojůInstitute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral ResourcesPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

Ion transport through homogeneous and heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes in single salt and multicomponent electrolyte solutions

The increasing demand for clean industrial processes has intensified the use of electrodialysis in the treatment of metal containing effluents and encourages the investigation of the different phenomena involved in the transport of metal ions through cation-exchange membranes. Ion sorption, chronopotentiometric and current–voltage characteristics have been obtained to characterize the transport of sodium and iron through homogeneous and heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes. The heterogeneous membranes having a broader pore size distribution showed increased electrical resistances with solutions of trivalent iron, which may be caused by the blockage of the smallest pores by multivalent ions. However, for both types of membranes an unexpected decrease of the electrical resistance with increasing current densities was verified with concentrated solutions of Fe2(SO4)3. This behavior was explained to be a consequence of the dissociation of FeSO4+ ions into more conductive Fe3+ and SO42− ions as the depleting solution layer becomes diluted. When tested with multicomponent mixtures, the homogeneous perfluorosulfonic membranes show an increased preference for Na+ ions at low current densities and, once Na+ ions are depleted from the membrane surface Fe3+ ions are transported preferentially at higher current densities. On the contrary, both Na+ ions and Fe(III) species are responsible for the ion transport through the heterogeneous membranes within the ohmic regime of currents.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) with the Project number CTQ2012-37450-C02-01/PPQ. M.C. Marti-Calatayud is grateful to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a postgraduate grant (Ref. 2010-12). D.C. Buzzi wants to express her gratitude to CAPES (Brazil) for a postgraduate grant (Proc. BEX 8747/11-3).Martí Calatayud, MC.; Buzzi, DC.; García Gabaldón, M.; Bernardes, AM.; Tenório, JAS.; Pérez Herranz, V. (2014). Ion transport through homogeneous and heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes in single salt and multicomponent electrolyte solutions. Journal of Membrane Science. 466:45-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.04.033S455746

Applied Mineralogy in Forensic Science field

1 ABSTRACT Surprisingly, applied mineralogy plays an important role in the forensic science field. It is the miner- alogical phases which exist in many kinds of materials and traces but also the mineralogical analysis procedures which are often used in the field of so called trace evidence. For purposes of this study, 4 important fields of forensic microanalysis were chosen. These are those fields in which applied min- eralogy is applied and which characterize the width and heterogeneity of the concerned area. Powder X-ray microdiffraction plays quite an important and irreplaceable role not only in the direct phase analysis of substances in mixtures. The author designed, tested and introduced a set for centra- tion and direct check of the analysed surface during micro-diffraction analysis and also experimentally optimised sensing parameters for the different system configuration. A possibility to calculate the size of the nanoparticles (more precisely the size of a mono crystal domain) was tested. XRD methods ap- plication allows refining organic analysis for example in the case of new synthetic drugs. Micro diffrac- tion was also used for the first complex phase analysis of colour layers of the altar in the chapel in the castle of Křivoklát (dated 1480 - 1490). Forensic analysis of soil phases used to be,..

Railway wagons classification

This Master's thesis deals with classification of railway wagons based on visual information. A theoretical background of two different approaches for a classification system is provided and both approaches are subsequently implemented. First approach includes transforming images of wagons to histograms of visual words, according to the Bag of Visual Words method. Afterwards, classifiers such as k-NN, SVM, Multinomial Naive Bayes, neural network and Ensemble method, specifically Voting classifiers, are applied. Second approach is classifying images using well known architectures of Convolutional Neural Networks and transfer learning. AlexNet, VGG16 and ResNet50 were pre-trained on a large ImageNet dataset and the upper layers were trained on the dataset of railway wagons. Both approaches were fine-tuned for the best possible performance. For comparison of both approaches a training dataset with 1773 images in 27 classes and testing dataset with 444 images were compiled. On testing dataset the best classifier using BoVW method reached accuracy of 89%. Convolutional neural nets performed with 95-97% accuracy, which is an improvement. Prediction times of images to be classified are also considered. Beyond the scope of the assignment of this thesis, an algorithm for splitting train images into images of individual wagons was developed. In the conclusion, limitations and reasons for limited robustness of this algorithm are presented

Smart home for a person with a hearing impairment

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá návrhem chytré domácnosti pro osobu se sluchovým postižením. Identifikuje potřeby osob se sluchovým postižením v domácnosti a nahrazuje je moderními zařízeními propojenými do chytré domácnosti. Tyto prvky jsou mezi sebou kompatibilní a jsou rozmístěny v modelovém objektu tak, aby pomohly osobě se sluchovým postižením nahradit nedostatky sluchu. Celá chytrá domácnost byla sestavena za účelem pomoci osobě, která to opravdu potřebuje, tedy osobě se sluchovým postižením. Cíleno bylo na nezbytné prvky chytré domácnosti, aby byl systém co nejefektivnější, a zároveň finančně dostupný pro pořízení. Chytrá domácnost se zaměřuje na signalizační systém v podobě osvětlení, který je napojen i na bezpečností prvky. V této práci byl sestaven návrh chytré domácnosti, podrobný popis prvků a celková funkčnost, to celé doplněno modelem chytré domácnosti.This bachelor thesis deals with the design of a smart home for a person with hearing impairment. It identifies the needs of people with hearing impairment in the home and replaces them with modern devices connected to the smart home. These elements are compatible with each other and are positioned in the model building to help the person with a hearing impairment compensate for hearing deficiencies. The whole smart home has been set up to help the person who really needs it, i.e. the person with a hearing impairment. The focus was on the necessary elements of the smart home to make the system as efficient as possible, yet affordable to acquire. The smart home focuses on a signalling system in the form of lighting, which is also connected to security features. In this thesis, a smart home design, detailed description of the features and overall functionality has been compiled, all complemented by a smart home model.Fakulta ekonomicko-správníStudent přednesl obhajobu práce s názvem: Chytrá domácnost pro osobu se sluchovým postižením. Cílem práce je zhodnotit možnosti využití a vypracování návrhu na začlenění prvků chytré domácnosti a zabezpečení pro osobu se sluchovým postižením. Otázky dle posudku vedoucího bakalářské práce: Pro návrh řešení byly vybrány konkrétní prvky chytré domácnosti, není však úplně zřejmé, jakým způsobem výběr probíhal, jaká kritéria byla důležitá, či zda vůbec bylo z čeho vybírat. Pokuste se tento krok návrhu blíže upřesnit. Student na otázky reagoval.Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo

The Funeral and the Cemetery in the Legislation of the Code of Canon Law in View of the Laws of the Czech Republic

The dissertation thesis analyses legal guarantees of the respect for human mortal remains and human remains in Canon laws, including the protection of places where they are sepulchred or deposited, i. e. cemeteries in particular, in the course of history in view of secular laws in the Czech lands. It further deals with the Canon legal aspects of ecclesiastical funeral rites. In the Church the rites are understood as a sacramental and through the symbolic meaning thereof they point at Christian hope for resurrection with Christ. Primarily the deceased Catholics, including those who have had serious legal pastoral problems in the course of their lives have got the right to ecclesiastical funeral rites, where they have shown certain signs of penitence prior to their death. The office of Christian funeral rites consists in the accomplishment of the current community of the bereaved with the deceased and strengthening of the hope for the reunion in resurrection. Thanks to Christian faith in resurrection, traditional funeral rituals of pagan nations have transformed in voicing the hope for the eternal life