Michael Dobbins, Susanna Khachatryan, Europeanization in the „Wild East”? Analyzing higher education governance reform in Georgia and Armenia (Europeizacja na „Dzikim Wschodzie”? Analiza reform zarządzania szkolnictwem wyższym w Gruzji i Armenii), „Higher Education” 2015, vol. 69, iss. 2

1923723917Studia Prawa Publiczneg

Luke K. Fryer, H. Nicholas Bovee, Supporting Students’ Motivation for E-learning: Teachers Matter On and Offine (Wspieranie motywacji studentów dla e-learningu: rola nauczycieli), "The Internet and Higher Education" 2016, vol 30

31522322512Studia Prawa Publiczneg

Przegląd piśmiennictwa - R. Richard Geddes, Benjamin L. Wagner, Why do U.S. States Adopt Public-private Partnership Enabling Legislation? (Dlaczego poszczególne stany USA wprowadzają legislacje umożliwiające realizację inwestycji w formule PPP?), „Journal of Urban Economics” 2013, vol. 78, November, s. 30–41.

1520420512Studia Prawa Publiczneg

Media a opinie i postawy społeczne

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

‘White Collars’ in Penitentiary Isolation: A Case Study

‘White collars’ are perpetrators who do not fit the image of a ‘typical criminal’. They are often esteemed and enjoy a high position in society, while their crimes are part of the professional sphere and often occur ‘on the margins’ of legal activity. They also include people who – unlike ordinary criminals – risk losing their prestige, reputation and professional position. Their criminal activity is often seen as a mistake or omission, rather than as an intentional violation of the law. It would seem that ‘white collars’ are not a large group and that their crimes are not easily detected. They are not viewed as dangerous offenders who should be isolated. This is due to their personal traits, their modus operandi and the nature of their crimes, particularly as the latter are hard to detect, as well as to the fact that they have better access to high-quality legal aid than their less educated and wealthy counterparts. In prison, ‘white collars’ form a group which is difficult to define because of their small number. However, taking into account that Poland has seen a drop in the number of criminal offense in recent years, with a concomitant rise in the number of economic crimes, the number of ‘white collars’ in penitentiary facilities will surely grow steadily, particularly if a punitive criminal policy is pursued. From the viewpoint of criminal science, ‘white collars’ remain an unstudied phenomenon in Poland. Nor are there any studies of how ‘white collars’ cope with the conditions of life in prison. Looking for answers to these questions, the Author approached the authorities of one of the largest (the third in size) penitentiary facilities in the Olsztyn region with a request to access the prison archives. She examined the archival prison records of individuals who had served a sentence of imprisonment between 2005 and 2015 in order to identify a group of ‘white collars’. The selection criteria were as follows:- Final conviction for an economic crime/crimes- The crime was committed in connection with the person’s professional activity- Holders of a university/higher degree - Having a stable legal source of income.Individuals fulfilling the above criteria were considered as belonging to the category of ‘white collars’. It was found that during the period in question only two inmates detained at the facility matched the criteria, which justified further qualitative research. A case study was then conducted based on the archival personal records, parts A and B, which the prison made available to the Author. The Author looked specifically at documents like court sentences along with their justification, parole decisions made by penitentiary courts, probation reports, psychological opinions, as well as notes compiled by the inmates’ supervisors based on conversations with them. Because both of the inmates were serving their sentences within the framework of a programme system, the scope and nature of their personal programmes, including any updates, were also assessed. The records provided a glimpse into the perpetrators’ social and demographic status, including their financial and family status, as well as an overview of their previous life in society and, finally, in penitentiary conditions. The qualitative research undertaken by the Author did not make it possible to draw general conclusions, particularly since the cases studied were so few. But one can compare the studied perpetrators to the ‘statistical’ or ‘typical’ inmate doing time in prison. The literature on the subject indicates that most such inmates are single, young, unemployed, without work habits, they have gaps in their education, are alcohol or substance abusers and come from difficult homes. In prison, they lack external support, which makes their later social adaptation more difficult.The perpetrators studied as part of the research described here were much older and better educated than ‘typical’ convicts. They were relatively well-off, with stable incomes, and came from non-pathological homes. Their families were also evaluated positively by probation services, the police and neighbours. Before their stay in prison they had been involved in community initiatives, they were good husbands and fathers, active in the local community and the Church, without alcohol or substance abuse problems. While serving their sentences they received support from family and figures of authority esteemed in the local community. The Prison Service considered them well adapted to prison conditions, calm, often rewarded, obeying the rules, active, highly respected by other inmates, willingly performing unpaid work in behalf of the penitentiary facility and cooperating with the prison administration. The research material presented only represents two cases; it therefore does not make it possible to draw general conclusions, yet it does highlight certain problems and areas for further research. At the same time it is for the Author a point of departure for reflection on the legal and judicial level of sentences against ‘white collars’ and the way such sentences are enforce

Characteristic of an organized crime group member in the light of humanistic criminology

The key thesis in humanistic criminology is based on the premise that criminal behaviour in individuals is always an effect of their sovereign decisions, even if – as this is the case in every the type of human behaviour – it is influenced by a variety of factors. The main problem is the origin of a crime, understood as an individual process leading to a crime, or in cases where minors are involved as perpetrators – to a punishable act. The origin of crime would then be concerned with a varied and mostly complex phenomena of the human psyche. The core notion here being the volitional process, which is pivotal when deciding if law has been broken. In humanistic criminology, empirical research is not only about diagnosing objective premises leading to a crime, but also about analysing the behavioural patterns displayed by a particular individual, with such person's specificity, realm of experience, the relevant psycho-logical components and their core element, i.e. the act of will. The aim of this paper is to present a criminal biography of a person sentenced for participation in an armed organised crime group and to attempt an interpretation of the biography from the humanistic criminology perspective, as proposed by L. Tyszkiewicz. The analysis employed the biographical method and a case study concerning a concrete perpetrator. The course of life of the researched individual and his involvement in the crime group was de-scribed on the basis of an interview. The accuracy of thus obtained data was verified against the body of evidence included in the files of the inmate. The research was conducted in the penal institution where the convict serves a life sentence. The detailed results of the research are included in the article

Determinants of juvenile delinquency in Warmian-Masurian voivodeship in the light of empirical studies

This publication focuses on criminological analysis of juvenile delinquency. The issue has been the subject of thorough research – and heated discussions – for years, which proves how important an issue it is. Yet, the problem of juvenile delinquency so far remains unsolved. What is of particular concern is that the increased frequency of young people turning to pathological behaviours puts psychophysical development of society in danger. Criminological studies indicate that depraved young people many often become criminal adults. Importantly, there are no wider criminological studies illustrating juvenile delinquency in a specific area of Warmian-Masurian voivodeship. It is one of the poorest areas in Poland with the highest unemployment rates and the lowest rate of economic development. The eco-nomic transformation in 1990s involved closures of state-operated farms and restructuring of state-owned industrial plants and affected areas still have high levels of poverty, unemployment and crime. Passiveness of the so-called “post-state-operated-farming-communities” and their strong demanding attitudes towards the state are serious social problems today. They are also indicated to be the source of criminal behaviour, also in the youngest members of the communities. The main research intention of this paper was to obtain a criminological characteristic of juvenile delinquents. The research was also to explain the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency. The research employed an indirect observation method consisting in analyzing official documents, namely court files of such proceedings in which a punishable offence was committed by a minor. The investigation included four court districts in the voivodeship: in Olsztyn, Iława, Giżycko and Szczytno. The choice of the district was guided by the diversity of the urban and industrial development, population size, and unemployment rate of the areas. The sample areas are thought to be representative for the whole voivodeship and the results of the study can be deemed more general and translated into wider population

"Sponsoring " - a form of prostitution or social pathology? Attempt to assess the phenomenon

“Social pathology” is not a new phenomenon, but in recent times it has been viewed by criminal justice professionals, sociologists, lawyers, social workers, and general public to be a serious social problem. „Social pathology” is an elastic concept. It means different things, at different times and in different places. “Sponsoring” is one of the forms of social pathology. It is sometimes linked with prostitution, because it has many of its features. “Sponsoring” just as prostitution is very hard to find out and prove, because both subjects are strongly motivated to hide it. This phenomenon concerns mostly environment of students. They often “sell themselves” for tuition, gifts, books or for money for studies. For the research made among students of the Faculty of Law and Administration were asked if they knew the phenomenon of “sponsoring”, how do they evaluate it and is it popular in their environment. The students prepared their own definition of “sponsoring”. Other questions concerns their opinion about the sources of this form of social pathology, the subjects of “sponsoring” and what are the characteristic predispositions to become a “sponsor” or a person sponsored. The research was made among a group of 107 students, both male and female. This article includes the results of the research.Uniwersytet Warmińsko–Mazursk

Family formation as a “turning point” in research of life path criminology. Selected problems

Punktami zwrotnymi w kryminologii określa się najczęściej te wydarzenia, doświadczenia lub stany, które mają długotrwały wpływ na życie sprawcy przestępstwa i w konsekwencji skutkują jego „odstąpieniem” od przestępczości. Zakończenie drogi przestępczej jest złożonym procesem. W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury poświęconej pojęciu punktów zwrotnych z perspektywy kryminologii drogi życiowej, w szczególności roli kobiet w hamowaniu działalności przestępczej ich mężczyzn. W pewnym zakresie omówiono założenia metodologiczne przeprowadzonych w tym obszarze badań oraz zasugerowano pola przyszłych badań nad punktami zwrotnymi.Переломними моментами в кримінології найчастіше називають ті події, переживання чи стани, які мають тривалий вплив на життя злочинця і, як наслідок, призводять до його «відходу» від злочину. Закін- чення злочинного шляху – складний процес. У статті розглядається література щодо концепції переломних моментів з точки зору криміналістики життєвого шляху, зокрема ролі жінки в гальмуванні злочинної діяльно- сті своїх чоловіків. Певною мірою були обговорені методологічні припущення проведених досліджень у цій галузі та запропоновано напрямки майбутніх досліджень переломних моментів.Поворотные моменты в криминологии чаще всего определяются как те события, переживания или состояния, которые оказывают длительное влияние на жизнь правонарушителя и, как следствие, приводят к прекращению им преступной деятельности. Прекращение преступного пути – сложный процесс. В данной статье рассматривается литература, посвященная концепции поворотных моментов с точки зрения криминологии жизненного пути, в частности, роли женщин в сдерживании преступной деятельности своих мужчин. В определенной степени обсуждаются методологические предпосылки исследований, проведенных в этой области, и предлагаются напрваления для будущих исследований поворотных моментов.It ought to be noted that turning point, one of the main ideas in the life course theory, is at present not studied sufficiently in the domain of life course criminology. A turning point frequently entails a specific event, experience or awareness leading to changes towards a pathway or uninterrupted route over the course of a long period of time. Desistance from crime is a complex process. This article includes: (1) a description of the main features of literature relevant to the concept of turning points from the perspective of life course and developmental criminology, in particular starting a family (2) surveys literature concerning turning points, in particular the role of women in inhibiting the criminal activities of their men (3) takes into account methodological discussions and proposes fields for subsequent studies of turning points