A Methodology to Analyze Soil Moisture Characteristics Using GIS and Modeling Approach for Sustainable Crop Production

This chapter introduces the importance of soil moisture to attain optimum crop production. Various soil properties that play crucial role in managing irrigation system have been discussed. In addition, the lesson presents a detailed description of the in situ techniques for measuring the moisture content of different soils. In areas where field measurement of soil moisture is a cumbersome practice, remote sensing, GIS, and modeling have been emerged as a boon. The role of all three approaches has been studied to analyze the soil moisture characteristics of particular area to select suitable crop and cropping pattern. Salinity and waterlogging are two major problems caused due to improper and unbalanced transport of water and solutes in the soil. A complete methodology has been proposed which includes data collection and measurement of various soil parameters, estimating and simulating future salinity and waterlogging conditions based on current water management practices, quantifying severity levels of saline and water-logged areas and their effect on crop production and optimum policies for managing salinity and waterlogging for better crop productivity. The proposal is an integrated approach comprises of field as well as laboratory measurements, with efficient use of GIS, simulation, and optimization techniques

Assessment of water footprint for a few major crops in Banas River Basin of Rajasthan

Water security is essential for socio-economic development, ecosystem management, and environmental sustainability. An improved understanding of the relationships between water demand and supply is needed to mitigate the impacts of diminishing water resources. The present study aimed to assess the crop water footprint of sixteen major crops in the basin namely, bajra/ pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.), gram/chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), guar/cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), jowar/ sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), lentil/ masoor (Lens culinaris L.), maize (Zea mays L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), rapeseed & mustard (Brassica napus L.), rice/paddy (Oryza sativa L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), urad/ black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was estimated during 2008-2020 in the Banas river basin of Rajasthan. The average annual water footprint of crop production varied from 11365.8-23131.5 MCM/yr (Mean 19254.5 MCM/yr) during the study period. Wheat, bajra, maize, rapeseed & mustard make up 67.4 % of the total average annual water footprint of crop production. The blue water footprint of crop production was 3942.1 MCM/yr, with wheat, rapeseed & mustard accounting for almost 87.0 % of the average annual blue water footprint. Blue, green and grey water footprints comprised 20.8, 69.7 and 9.5 % of the total WF of crop production in the basin, respectively. This assessment can play a significant role in developing better policies for properly managing water footprints for sustainable crop production in the basin

Comparative evaluation of different reference evapotranspiration models

The study was carried out to select best alternative method for the estimation of reference evapotranspi-ration (ET0). Accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration is a necessary step in water resource management. Recently, the FAO-56 version of Penman-Monteith equation has been established as a standard for calculating ref-erence evapotranspiration (ET0) which requires measurement of a number of meteorological parameters namely, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed which may not be available in most of the meteoro-logical stations. Still there are different approaches (requiring less data) which estimate ET0 closely to Penman- Monteith (P-M) method for different climatological conditions. The present study is based on analysis of long term of 13 years (2000 to 2012) climatic data to calculate monthly reference evapotranspiration for Capsicum production (September–March) and also to compare the performance of evapotranspiration equations for Jhalawar district of Rajasthan with the standard FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method on the basis of the least root mean square error (RMSE) analysis. Hargreaves method and Pan evaporation (E-Pan) method overestimated the values of ETo when compared with FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. On the basis of lowest value of RMSE, Pan evaporation method is found best alternative method to FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method in the study area

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour in Meckel's diverticulum

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Meckel's Diverticulum is the most commonly encountered congenital anomaly of the small intestine, occurring in approximately 2% of the population. Occasionally Meckel's diverticulum harbors neoplasms.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 65 year old gentleman, presented with a pelvic mass. On exploratory laparotomy, it turned out to be gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) arising from Meckel's diverticulum. Short history and review of literature are discussed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Neoplasms occurring from Meckel's diverticulum, even though rare, should be considered as differential diagnosis of pelvic masses arising from bowel, wherever imaging modalities fail to give a definitive diagnosis.</p

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Stress analysis by photoelasticity

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Performance Evaluation of Water Delivery System for Command Area of Left Main Canal of Bhimsagar Irrigation Project, Rajasthan

Water delivery performance of left main canal of Bhimsagar irrigation project, Rajasthan was studied. Outlet-wise performance was evaluated using the adequacy, equity, dependability, relative irrigation supply and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were studied for the 21 outlets located on three minors at head, middle and tail reach of the left main canal for the 5-month irrigation period during Rabi season, using measured water deliveries and calculated crop water requirements. The outlet-wise water delivery performance indicators showed poor performance of the system. Considering the irrigation season and the system as a whole, the average value of indicator’s were found as “poor” for adequacy, equity and dependability; emphasizing for adopting improved management strategies

Performance Evaluation of Water Delivery System for Command Area of Amarpura Minor of Som-Kagdar Irrigation Project, Rajasthan

This study examines water delivery performance of the Amarpura minor, which is located on left main canal of Somkagdar irrigation project. Outlets wise performance was evaluated, using the adequacy, equity, dependability and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were calculated for the fifteen outlets for the 5-month irrigation period of Rabi season (2004-05), using measured water deliveries and calculated crop water requirements. Digital current meter was used to measure the outlet discharge during the season. Crop water requirements were calculated using CROPWAT. The outlet wise water delivery performance indicators have shown poor performance of the system. Considering the irrigation season and the system as a whole, the calculated indicator\u27s average values were found as "poor" for adequacy, equity and dependability. These results have also shown that there is a systemic water delivery problem. The analysis of results of the spatial and temporal dimensions of these indicators has show that factors causing this problem are derived partly due to physical state of system and partly due to improper operation and management