1,241 research outputs found

    Farming across the years: temporal and spatial dimensions of learning organic farming

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    In organic farming, it is generally accepted that a long-term perspective spanning across the years is necessary for the sustainability of organic field management. This paper analyzes the crossing over of annual boundaries during an organic inspection in an attempt to show how the long-term perspective is learnt in the practical organic vegetable farming. Within the speech turns that refer across the years, two main topics emerged. The first is the nutrient management, which was connected with plant growth and environmental regulations. The second is the sequence of crop rotation, appearing both as a list, detached from the fields, and as a temporal process of the fields. A weed problem, caused by couch grass, was repeatedly referred to by the farmer. It was not addressed at all from the several years’ perspective. The results suggest that the nutrient issue within the administrative rules heavily impacts on organic farming. This leaves other important issues concerning production, such as the longterm weed management, with little emphasis. Reasons for this are discussed in the context of the sustainability of environment and production. Crossing over temporal boundaries is linked with many other boundaries

    I Finland koncentreras rÄdgivningen pÄ gÄrdsnivÄ

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    I Finland koncentreras ekorÄdgivningen till rÄdgivning pÄ enskilda gÄrdar. RÄdgivarna gör i första hand odlingsplaner och utfodringsplaner för gÄrdarna. RÄdgivningen Àr baserad pÄ odlarnas behov

    Congenital upper limb defects in Finland 1993-2005

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    Background: Interest in limb defects has grown after the thalidomide tragedy in the 1960s. As a result, congenital malformation registries, monitoring changes in birthprevalence and defect patterns, have been established in several countries. However, there are only a few true population based studies on birth prevalence of upper limb defects. The burden of hospital care among these children, specifically in terms of the number of admissions and total time spent in hospital, is also unknown. Aims and Methods: This study is based on information gathered from the Finnish Register of Congenital malformations (FRM) and the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). A total of 417 children born between 1993 and 2005 with an upper limb defect were gathered from the FRM. The upper limb defects were classified using the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand -classification that enables comparison with previous and future studies. Birth and live birth prevalence, sex and side distribution, frequency of associated anomalies as well as the proportion of perinatal and infant deaths according to the different subtypes were calculated. The number of hospital admissions, days spent in hospital, number and type of surgical operations were collected from the FHDR. Special features of two subgroups, radial ray defects (RRD) and constriction band syndrome (CBS), were explored. Results: Upper limb defects were observed in 417 of 753 342 consecutive births and in 392 of 750 461 live births. Birth prevalence was 5.5 per 10 000 births and 5.2 per 10 000 live births. Multiple anomalies or a known syndrome was found in 250 cases (60%). Perinatal mortality was 139 per 1000 births and infant mortality 135 per 1000 live births (overall Finnish perinatal mortality <5 per 1000 births and infant mortality 3.7 per 1000 live births). Altogether, 138 infants had RRD and 120 (87%) of these had either a known syndrome or multiple major anomalies. The proportion of perinatal deaths in RRD group was 29% (40/138) and infant deaths 35% (43/123). Fifty-one children had CBS in upper limbs. Fifteen of these (29%) had other major anomalies associated with constriction rings. The number of hospital admissions per year of children with congenital upper limb defects was 11-fold and the time spent in hospital 13-fold as compared with the general paediatric population. Conclusions: Birth prevalence of congenital upper limb defects was 5.5 per 10 000 births and 5.2 per 10 000 live births. RRD was especially associated with other major anomalies and high mortality. Nearly one third of the children with CBS also had other major anomalies suggesting different aetiologies inside the group. The annual burden of hospital care of children with congenital upper limb defects was at least 11-fold as compared with the general paediatric population.SynnynnĂ€iset ylĂ€raajapuutokset Suomessa 1993-2005 Tausta: Kiinnostus raajaepĂ€muodostumia kohtaan kasvoi 1960-luvulla talidomidi-tragedian seurauksena. Moniin maihin perustettiin epĂ€muodostumarekisteri seuraamaan epĂ€muodostumien esiintyvyyttĂ€ vastaavien onnettomuuksien estĂ€miseksi. Suomen epĂ€muodostumarekisteri on aloittanut toimintansa vuonna 1963. YlĂ€raajapuutosten syntymĂ€esiintyvyydestĂ€ on aiemmin tehty vain muutamia vĂ€estöpohjaisia tutkimuksia. YlĂ€raajapuutoslasten sairaalahoidon mÀÀrĂ€ ei ole tiedossa. Tavoitteet ja menetelmĂ€t: Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen (THL) yllĂ€pitĂ€mĂ€n epĂ€muodostumarekisterin ja hoitoilmoitusrekisterin (HILMO) tietojen pohjalta ylĂ€raajapuutosten syntymĂ€esiintyvyys, liitĂ€nnĂ€isepĂ€muodostumat, kuolleisuus ja sairaalahoitopĂ€ivien sekĂ€ tehtyjen toimenpiteiden mÀÀrĂ€. YlĂ€raajapuutokset luokiteltiin kansainvĂ€lisen kĂ€sikirurgiyhdistyksen (IFSSH) luokituksen mukaisesti jotta tulokset olisivat vertailtavissa muiden maiden aineistojen kanssa. Tutkimukseen otettiin mukaan kaikki vuosina 1993-2005 Suomessa syntyneet lapset. EpĂ€muodostumarekisteristĂ€ poimittiin yhteensĂ€ 417 ylĂ€rajapuutosdiagnoosilla rekisteröityĂ€ lasta. Kahteen alaryhmÀÀn, radiaalisĂ€teen puutoksiin (RRD) ja amnionkurouma–oireyhtymÀÀn (CBS) perehdyttiin tarkemmin. Tulokset: YlĂ€raajapuutos todettiin 417 syntyneellĂ€ ja 392 elĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ syntyneellĂ€ lapsella. SyntymĂ€esiintyvyys oli 5.5/10 000 syntynyttĂ€ ja 5.2/10 000 elĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ syntynyttĂ€ lasta. Valtaosalla (60%) oli liitĂ€nnĂ€isepĂ€muodostumia tai jokin tunnettu oireyhtymĂ€. Perinataalikuolleisuus oli 139/ 1000 syntynyttĂ€ (Suomessa yleisesti <5/1000). ImevĂ€iskuolleisuus oli 135/1000 elĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ syntynyttĂ€ (Suomessa yleisesti 3.7/1000). RRD todettiin 138 lapsella ja nĂ€istĂ€ lĂ€hes kaikilla (87%) oli joko jokin tunnettu oireyhtymĂ€ tai muita epĂ€muodostumia. Perinataali- ja imevĂ€iskuolleisuus oli erityisesti RRD-ryhmĂ€ssĂ€ korkea (29% ja 35%). Korkea kuolleisuus liittyi 18-trisomiaan ja muihin vaikeisiin epĂ€muodostumiin. CBS ylĂ€raajoissa todettiin 51 lapsella. NĂ€istĂ€ 29%:lla oli kuroumarenkaiden lisĂ€ksi muita epĂ€muodostumia. YlĂ€raajapuutospotilailla oli sairaalahoitojaksoja 11-kertainen ja hoitopĂ€iviĂ€ 13-kertainen mÀÀrĂ€ verrattuna keskimÀÀrĂ€iseen lapsivĂ€estöön Suomessa. PÀÀtelmĂ€t: SynnynnĂ€isten ylĂ€raajapuutosten syntymĂ€esiintyvyys on 5.5/10 000 syntynyttĂ€ ja 5.2/10 000 elĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ syntynyttĂ€. Erityisesti radiaalisĂ€teen puutoksiin liittyy muita epĂ€muodostumia sekĂ€ 58-kertainen perinataali- ja 95-kertainen imevĂ€iskuolleisuus verrattuna lapsivĂ€estöön keskimÀÀrin. LĂ€hes kolmasosalla CBS-lapsista on muiden elinryhmien epĂ€muodostumia viitaten mahdollisiin erilaisiin syntymekanismeihin ryhmĂ€n sisĂ€llĂ€. Sairaalahoitojaksojen mÀÀrĂ€ oli ylĂ€raajapuutoslapsilla 11-kertainen verrattuna keskimÀÀrĂ€iseen lapsivĂ€estöön.Siirretty Doriast

    Techniques for modular language implementation

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    Muistojen valssi : Kokeileva teatteriesitys palvelutaloon

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    OpinnÀytetyömme tavoitteena oli tehdÀ devising-menetelmÀllÀ teatteriesitys, jonka visuaalisen ilmeen pÀÀmateriaalina oli paperi. Prosessimme eteni devising-menetelmÀ mallin mukaan. Devising-menetelmÀ on ryhmÀ- ja ei-tekstilÀhtöinen tapa tehdÀ teatteria, jossa kÀsikirjoitus muodostuu prosessissa. Prosessi sisÀlsi nÀytelmÀn, lavasteiden ja puvustuksen suunnittelun ja toteutuksen. MeillÀ ei ollut valmista kÀsikirjoitusta, joten nÀytelmÀn tarina syntyi omien ja isovanhempiemme lapsuudenmuistojen ja harjoituksissa syntyneen materiaalin pohjalta. Lavastuksen lÀhtökohtana olivat paperi, viitteellisyys ja kiertÀvÀn teatterin tarpeet. Puvustuksen lÀhtökohtana oli paperi ja innoittajana toimi 40- luvun pukeutuminen. NÀytelmÀÀ varten selvitimme vanhusten fyysisiÀ, psyykkisiÀ ja sosiaalisia tarpeita laitosympÀristössÀ teemahaastattelulla. Paperin työstÀmistÀ tutkimme kvasikokeellisen tutkimuksen avulla. Tutkimme paperin vÀrjÀÀmistÀ, kulutuksen kestoa ja rapisevuutta teatteripuvun nÀkökulmasta. Suunnittelua varten perehdyimme devising-menetelmÀÀn ja taiteen vaikutukseen laitosympÀristössÀ. Raportissa olemme pyrkineet kertomaan koko prosessista. Onnistuimme opinnÀytetyömme kokonaisuudessa hyvin. Paperivaatteet sopivat visuaalisesti nÀyttÀmökuvaan ja tunnelmaan. Vaikka, vaatteiden toiminnallisuus ei vastannut tÀysin teatterivaatteen kestÀvyys vaatimuksia, omassa esityksessÀmme vaatteet olivat riittÀvÀn kestÀviÀ. Paperivaatteiden kestÀvyyttÀ voisikin tutkia lisÀÀ. Kvasikokeellinen tutkimus ei tÀysin pÀÀssyt oikeuksiinsa opinnÀytetyössÀmme, koska kokeiden suorittamisen aikaan meillÀ ei ollut kÀsikirjoitusta eikÀ, nÀin ollen lÀhtökohtia puvustukselle. Esitimme nÀytelmÀn kahdessa palvelutalossa. Palaute palvelutaloista oli kaikin puolin positiivista ja omasta mielestÀmme onnistuimme saamaan esityksestÀ kohdeyleisölle sopivan.The objective of this thesis project was to create a theatre performance according to the devising method, using paper as the main material for the visual look. The devising method is about creating a theatre project without a script, by letting the script arise from the group during the process. We proceeded with the project according to the devising method including the play and the design and execution of scenography and costumes. There was no script available, and therefore the contents of the play arose from the childhood memories of our own, those of our grandparents and the material created through drama rehearsals. Starting points for the scenographic design were paper, a stripped-down stage setting and the necessities of travelling theatre. The starting point for costumes was paper, inspired by the fashion of 1940Žs. Themed interviews were carried out in order to research into the physical, mental and social needs of senior citizens in the sheltered home environment. Colouring, resistance to abrasion and rustle of paper were investigated by a quasi-experimental study. As for design framework we explored the devising method and the influence of art in sheltered homes. This thesis aims to report the whole process. The thesis project was quite successful as a whole. The paper costumes provided a good visual element in the scenography and the atmosphere. The functionality of the paper costumes failed to meet the resistance requirements for theatre costumes in general, however, they proved sufficient in our performance. The quasi-experimental studies did not do themself justice in our thesis, because there was no script and thus no actual starting points for the costume design. We performed the play in two different sheltered homes. We received a lot of positive feedback from the sheltered homes and in our opinion we succeeded to create a play which catered for our target audience

    Regulation of cargo transfer between ESCRT-0 and ESCRT-I complexes by flotillin-1 during endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated cargo

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    Ubiquitin-dependent sorting of membrane proteins in endosomes directs them to lysosomal degradation. In the case of receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), lysosomal degradation is important for the regulation of downstream signalling. Ubiquitinated proteins are recognised in endosomes by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) complexes, which sequentially interact with the ubiquitinated cargo. Although the role of each ESCRT complex in sorting is well established, it is not clear how the cargo is passed on from one ESCRT to the next. We here show that flotillin-1 is required for EGFR degradation, and that it interacts with the subunits of ESCRT-0 and -I complexes (hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) and Tsg101). Flotillin-1 is required for cargo recognition and sorting by ESCRT-0/Hrs and for its interaction with Tsg101. In addition, flotillin-1 is also required for the sorting of human immunodeficiency virus 1 Gag polyprotein, which mimics ESCRT-0 complex during viral assembly. We propose that flotillin-1 functions in cargo transfer between ESCRT-0 and -I complexes

    Viherlannoitus sopii perunan esikasviksi

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    Viherlannoitus perunan esikasvina tuotti yhtÀ hyviÀ satoja kuin lannoitus karjanlannalla. Viherlannoitusnurmen kesÀsadon voi korjata ilman ettÀ perunan sato vÀhenee. Sadon korjaaminen vÀhentÀÀ myös liian typpilannoituksen ja suurien nitraattipitoisuuksien vaaraa. Kokeessa nitraattipitoisuudet olivat kaikissa koejÀsenissÀ, myös lannoittamattomassa, suuria.vo

    Ć amaanin portti toiseen todellisuuteen

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    Kirja-arvostelu: Timo Miettinen (teksti) ja Heikki Willamo (kuvat): PyhÀt kuvat kalliossa. Otava 2007

    SananselityksiÀ irti maailmasta

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    Tere Vadénin toimittama Linkolan ajamana (2008) on tuorein kirjoituskokoelma Linkolan ajattelusta. Kirjoittajat eivÀt yltiöihmiskeskeisen maailmankuvansa vuoksi kuitenkaan tajua Linkolan hÀtÀÀ miljoonista muista lajeista. Kun heiltÀ ei onnistu hÀnen lÀhtökohtiensa saati johtopÀÀtöstensÀ ymmÀrtÀminen, epÀtoivoinen kritisoinnin vimma johtaa surkuhupaisaan sanahelinÀÀn ja harha-ammuntaan. Teos panee epÀilemÀÀn filosofien pÀtevyyttÀ ympÀristöongelmien pohdinnassa mutta myös ajattelu- ja kirjoitustaitoa

    Real-time noise filtering with adaptive filters in heavy equipment soundscape

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    In this master’s thesis, adaptive filters are used to abate the engine noise of heavy equipment and the changes in the soundscape are studied. The main objective of this work is to enhance the sound quality of human speech and shouting. The results are evaluated both with subjective tests and computationally. The first method used in achieving the goal is the Butterworth band-pass-filter, which is designed to preserve the frequencies possibly containing human speech and filter the rest of the frequencies. The resulting signal of the Butterworth filter is filtered with the adaptive filter targeting the engine noise. In this study two different adaptive filters are used, the Wiener filter and NLMS filter, and their performance is compared. In addition to the method of implementation, these filters also differ in that the Wiener filter does not use a reference signal for adaptation, but the noise is estimated from the input signal itself, while the NLMS filter uses a microphone in the engine compartment as a reference signal. The filtering system developed in this study is implemented on a developing platform, which is designed to be used by the end user, in other words, the operator of the heavy equipment. This is the reason why the results of the subjective tests are in focus in this study. According to both objective and subjective evaluations in this study, the engine noise deteriorates considerably and the speech coming outside the vehicle is cleaner. In the thesis the results were evaluated both with Sandvik Pantera DPI series drilling machine and a large diesel engine car, Nissan Pathfinder. The subjective evaluation is compared with the signal-to-noise ratio and signal-distortion ratio, which both indicated that the enhancement was successful. Even though the test conditions were not optimal, the results show that the adaptive filters can be used efficiently to filter the engine noise in real-time
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