Boundedness of hardy-littlewood maximal operator in the framework of lizorkin-triebel spaces

We describe a class O of nonlinear operators which are bounded on the Lizorkin–Triebel spaces Fs p,q(Rn), for 0 < s < 1 and 1 < p, q < 1. As a corollary, we prove that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on Fs p,q(Rn), for 0 < s < 1 and 1 < p, q < 1 ; this extends the result of Kinnunen [9], valid for the Sobolev space H1 p (Rn).We describe a class O of nonlinear operators which are bounded on the Lizorkin–Triebel spaces Fs p,q(Rn), for 0 < s < 1 and 1 < p, q < 1. As a corollary, we prove that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on Fs p,q(Rn), for 0 < s < 1 and 1 < p, q < 1 ; this extends the result of Kinnunen [9], valid for the Sobolev space H1 p (Rn)

Boundedness and unboundedness results for some maximal operators on functions of bounded variation

We characterize the space $BV(I)$ of functions of bounded variation on an arbitrary interval $I\subset \mathbb{R}$, in terms of a uniform boundedness condition satisfied by the local uncentered maximal operator $M_R$ from $BV(I)$ into the Sobolev space $W^{1,1}(I)$. By restriction, the corresponding characterization holds for $W^{1,1}(I)$. We also show that if $U$ is open in $\mathbb{R}^d, d >1$, then boundedness from $BV(U)$ into $W^{1,1}(U)$ fails for the local directional maximal operator $M_T^{v}$, the local strong maximal operator $M_T^S$, and the iterated local directional maximal operator $M_T^{d}\circ ...\circ M_T^{1}$. Nevertheless, if $U$ satisfies a cone condition, then $M_T^S:BV(U)\to L^1(U)$ boundedly, and the same happens with $M_T^{v}$, $M_T^{d} \circ ...\circ M_T^{1}$, and $M_R$.Comment: 15 page

Trapping the Elusive Aza-Oxyallylic Cation Intermediate: Aza-[4+3] Cycloaddition Reactions and their Application Toward Target Directed Synthesis

The aza-oxyallylic cation is a reactive intermediate that undergoes a [4+3] cycloaddition reaction with dienes to form seven-membered nitrogen heterocycles. Although the existence of this intermediate had been proposed for over 50 years, only recently has experimental evidence been established to support its existence. The intermediate was generated by base-mediated dehydrohalogenation of α-haloamide precursors synthesized from the corresponding acid halide in dichloromethane, respectively. From the analogous azaoxyallylic cation intermediates generated in situ, a series of bicyclic lactam scaffolds were easily prepared from a [4+3]-cycloaddition reaction of the corresponding α-haloamide and either furan or cyclopentadiene as the diene moiety. With the exception of one case, all monoaryl and monoalkyl haloamides provided selectively the endo diastereoisomer (≥19:1). Computational and experimental evidence suggest that an N-alkoxy substituent provides necessary stabilization to the aza-oxyallylic cation intermediate. Balanol is a fungal metabolite first isolated from Verticillium balanoides and has been shown to be a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Starting from the α-chlorocycloadduct synthesized in Chapter 2, a concise synthesis of the hexahydroazepine-containing fragment was undertaken that was both scalable and stereoselective. Polyhydroxylated azepanes are a relatively new class of compounds with broad therapeutic potential in a variety of biological and pharmaceutical applications. A general synthesis of (±)-(4R, 5R, 6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3,3- dimethylazepane is achieved in only five short synthetic steps starting from the corresponding cycloadduct, allowing for rapid access to the seven-membered iminosugar class of compounds. The reaction sequence is efficient, diastereoselective, scalable, and has the capability of incorporating a wide variety of functional groups at the ring three-postion. Polyhydroxylated piperidines are a functionally rich class of biologically active compounds that also have broad therapeutic potential. Previously described aza-[4+3] cycloadditions of putative aza-oxyallylic cations provide heterocyclic scaffolds that enabled a concise synthesis of polyhydroxylated piperidines. Chemoselective amide reduction and subsequent hemiaminal ether ring opening of four α-chlorocycloadducts by aluminum hydride provided in one pot four novel 3-chloroazepines. Aziridinium ion-mediated ring contraction and chloride displacement was triggered by silver acetate, followed by acetate hydrolysis under basic conditions to give the corresponding tetrahydropyridine diols. Alkene dihydroxylation catalyzed by osmium tetroxide installed the final hydroxyl groups, which yielded four novel polyhydroxylated N-alkoxypiperidine iminosugar analogs in good overall yield and high diastereoselectivity. Expanding on the originally reported methodology of dehyrohalogenation of αhaloamides as a means to generate aza-oxyallylic cation intermediates, efforts were undertaken to explore alternative methods to generate the afformentioned intermediates that could incorporate heteroatoms at the α-position. 2-methoxy-N-(phenylmethoxy)acetamide and 2- phthalyl-N-(phenylmethoxy)acetamide were synthesized to serve as model substrates and screened according to solvent, base, and oxidant in order to determine conditions that would allow for aza-oxyallylic cation formation. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR, IR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, six compounds that were of exceptionally high crystallinity were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction

The Effect of Student Peer Response and Assessment on the Proficiency of Writing Traits at the College Level

Research Question: How does student peer response and assessment impact the writing traits of college students? Method: The study was designed to measure changes in student writing traits following a process of peer response. Ninety-one students participated in the project, each submitting two versions of a 4-6 page position paper—an initial draft and then a final version of the paper following peer review and assessment. In addition to written comments from readers, five different writing traits were rated on a scale of 1-4 for each draft: conventions, organizational structure, rhetorical style, critical assessment, and substantiation. These ratings were then compared to measure changes between the initial and final drafts. Finally, an exit survey was used to gather additional data and reaction from the participants. Efforts were taken to ensure the quality and objectivity of the reader responses through both written and oral instruction, as well as evaluative review of feedback. All authors and readers remained anonymous to one another

Impact of the Introduction of Black Raspberries in a Standard Western-Style Diet on Colitis and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Mice

Approximately 1.4 million people suffer from inflammatory bowel disease, which is major risk factor for developing colitis associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Dietary interventions with the goal to reduce colon inflammation and encourage gut microbiome homeostasis may be a strategy to reduce the risk of CAC. The antioxidants and antiinflammatory compounds present in black raspberries (BRB) have demonstrated protective effects in the colon epithelium and may alter the composition of the gut microbiome. Previously, we showed that dietary supplementation with black raspberries significantly suppressed coliti and colon tumorigenesis promoted by the consumption of a Western type diet in mice. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of dietary intervention with whole, freeze-dried black raspberries on colitis and colon tumorigenesis in mice consuming either a standard diet or a Western type diet that emulates typical U.S. nutrient intakes. C57BL/6J male and female mice were fed a standard diet (AIN93G) or the total Western diet (TWD) supplemented with 0 to 10% (w/w) black raspberry powder for a total of 16 weeks. All mice were dosed with axozymethane and provided 1% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water for 10 days to promote colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. As previously observed, mice fed TW experienced more pronounced symptoms of colitis with a 40% increase in the disease activity index (DAI) score. Preliminary analyses suggest that dietary supplementation with 10% BRB suppressed the DAI score in mice fed TWD such that the colitis symptoms in these mice were not apparently different compared to the AIN93G-fed controls. However, addition of 10% BRB did not appear to provide a benefit to mice fed the AIN basal diet. Composition of the fecal microbiome over the course of disease development will be determined by standard 16S rRNA sequencing, and assessment of tumor outcome is ongoing. Consumption of Western type diet increased symptoms of colitis, whereas dietary supplementation with 10% BRB appeared to ameliorate TWD-enhanced colitis in mice

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN TRAVEL UMROH

Kegiatan ibadah haji dan umrah mempunyai dua sisi yang harus diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaannya yaitu, standar pelaksanaannya saat masih di tanah air banyak aspek penting yang harus diperhatikan pembinaannya seperti dalam pelayanan jasa (pembayaran setoran ONH ke bank, pengurusan dokumen haji dan umrah, pemeriksaan kesehatan calon jamaah), bimbingan manasik, (materi bimbingan, metode dan waktu bimbingan), penyediaan perlengkapan, dan konsultasi keagamaan. Fenomena yang terjadi pada travel haji dan umroh adalah meningkatnya intensitas persaingan dan jumlah pesaing menuntut setiap perusahaan untuk memperhatikan kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumennya serta berusaha memenuhi apa yang mereka harapkan dengan cara yang lebih unggul serta lebih memuaskan dari pada yang dilakukan oleh para perusahaan pesaingnya. Peluang inilah yang di lirik bukan saja oleh pemerintah namun juga oleh biro-biro penyelenggaraan berkompetisi untuk menarik simpati jamaah. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah diuraikan di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan masalah adalah analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pemilihan travel umroh.Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian deskriptif dengan sampel purposive dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 100 yang meliputi konsemen. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa Legalitas Travel, Grup Referensi Pembimbing, Kualitas layanan, harga dan Kemudahan Prosedur berpengaruh terhadap keputusan konsumen Travel Umroh. Kata Kunci: Legalitas Travel, Grup Referensi Pembimbing, Kualitas layanan, harga, Kemudahan Prosedur dan keputusan konsumen

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP MINAT INVESTOR DALAM BERINVESTASI PADA UMKM

Studi ini ditujukan untuk mengivestigasi determinan penting yang mampu memengaruhi minat para investor dalam melakukan investasi khususnya pada UMKM Perak di Desa Celuk, Gianyar. Studi ini menggunakan sampel dengan total populasi sejumlah 86 pelaku UMKM di Kabupaten Gianyar. Studi ini dilaksanakan melalui pendekatan kuantitatif yang mana data utama bersumber pada tanggapan responden terkait dengan fenomena yang diangkat pada studi ini yaitu peran dari modal kerja terhadap minat investor untuk berinvestasi pada UMKM Fata. Data empiris kemudian dianalisis melalui pendekatan regresi linier berganda dengan SPSS. Temuan menarik pada studi ini mengisyaratkan bahwa investor cenderung menjadikan kinerja keuangan sebagai acuan dalam mengidentifikasi perkembangan perusahaan sehingga dapat menarik minat mereka untuk berinvestasi. Selanjtunya, reputasi UMKM yang dilihat semakin baik oleh investor dengan keberadaan jaringan sosial yang baik mampu menjadi daya tarik yang kuat bagi investor untuk melaksanakan investasi pada perusahaan. Terakhir, penyebaran informasi yang baik terkait UMKM melalui platform media sosial perusahaan akan mampu membantu dalam meminimalisir terjadinya asimetri informasi sehingga dapat mendorong minat untuk melakukan investasi

Hepcidin: A Critical Regulator of Iron Metabolism during Hypoxia

Iron status affects cognitive and physical performance in humans. Recent evidence indicates that iron balance is a tightly regulated process affected by a series of factors other than diet, to include hypoxia. Hypoxia has profound effects on iron absorption and results in increased iron acquisition and erythropoiesis when humans move from sea level to altitude. The effects of hypoxia on iron balance have been attributed to hepcidin, a central regulator of iron homeostasis. This paper will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia affects hepcidin expression, to include a review of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)/hypoxia response element (HRE) system, as well as recent evidence indicating that localized adipose hypoxia due to obesity may affect hepcidin signaling and organismal iron metabolism

The Effect of STEM Integrated Science Learning on Scientific Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills of Students: A Meta-Analysis

The development of 21st century education requires students to have 21st century skills, one of which is critical thinking skills and scientific literacy as well as technological developments that are developing rapidly so that STEM-based teaching materials are very popular for use. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of similar research using STEM integrated science learning on students' scientific literacy abilities and critical thinking skills. The method used in this investigation is meta-analysis. The research results obtained are First, the effect of several similar studies on STEM-integrated science learning shows that STEM-integrated science learning has a very high influence on students' scientific literacy abilities and students' critical thinking skills. Second, the effect of several similar studies based on educational level shows that high school level has a higher influence on students' scientific literacy skills and students' critical thinking skills. Third, the influence of several similar studies based on the learning model used shows that the PBL model has a higher influence on students' scientific literacy skills and students' critical thinking abilities. Fourth, the effect of several similar studies based on learning subjects shows that biology subjects have a higher influence than physics and science subjects

EKSTRAK BUNGA KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior) SEBAGAI INDIKATOR ALTERNATIF PADA MEDIA GULA-GULA

Bunga kecombrang  (Etlingera elatior) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid, saponin. Selain itu juga bunga kecombrang mengandung antosianin, warna antosianin dapat digunakan sebagai indicator asam-basa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah indicator dari ekstrak bunga bunga kecombrang dapat digunakan sebagai alternative pengganti indicator brom cresol purple pada media gula-gula. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode ekstraksi yang dilakukan dengan cara maserasi dengan pelarut yang digunakan adalah etanol 96%.         Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya perubahan warna dari awal berwarna hijau menjadi merah muda. Dengan adanya perubahan warna pada media tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak bunga kecombrang (Etlingeraelatior) dapat digunakan sebagai indicator alternative pada media gula-gul