Imperfection of the system of the etalons attestation system

Рассмотрены основные проблемы, возникающие на пути к утверждению эталоновExamined of main problems arising on the way to confirmation of etalon

Spectroscopy of Helium Isotope 6He

The excited states of heavy helium isotope 6He were studied in stopped pion absorption in the reactions 9Be

Current achievements in modifying crop genes using CRISPR/Cas system

With the advent of the new genome editing tool of target-specifically customizable endonucleases, a huge variety of novel opportunities have become feasible. The crop improvement is one of the main applications of genome editing in plant science and plant biotechnology. The amount of publications referring to genome editing and CRISPR/Cas system based molecular tools application in crops is permanently growing. The aim of this study is the systematization and cataloging of these data. Earlier we published the first catalog of targeted crop genome modifications as of February 10, 2017. The current review is an update of the catalog; it covers research papers on crop genome modifications from February 10, 2017 to August 17, 2018, found by searching 47 crop names in the Scopus database. Over one year and a half, 377 articles mentioning CRISPR/Cas and crop names have been published, of which 131 articles describe an experimental application of this tool for editing 193 genes in 19 crops, including rice with the largest number of genes modified (109 genes). Editing 50 of 193 genes was aimed at crop improvement. The catalog presented here includes these 50 genes, specifying the cultivars, each gene and gene product function, modification type and delivery method used. The current full list of genes modified with CRISPR/Cas with the aim of crop improvement is 81 in 16 crops (for 5 years from August 2013 to August 2018). In this paper, we also summarize data on different modifications types in different crops and provide a brief review of some novel methods and approaches that have appeared in crop genome editing research over the reviewed period. Taken together, these data provide a clear view on current progress in crop genome modifications and traits improvement using CRISPR/Cas based genome editing technology

Characterization of a novel dioxomolybdenum complex by cyclic voltammetry

Metalloenzymes that carry a pterin-based molybdenum cofactor in their center catalyze numerous reactions in the human body and play a crucial role in its metabolism. Specifically, these enzymes promote redox reactions and oxygen transport in the body. Their absence may cause many problems leading to disability or even death in early childhood. Therefore, model compounds need to be synthesized and analyzed to investigate the reactivity, redox potential, and geometry of these cofactors. This study focused on electrode processes and determined the redox potentials of the new bis-(4-mercapto-5-(p-tolyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione)-dioxomolybdenum complex by cyclic voltammetry. The 4-mercapto-5-(p-tolyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione ligand underwent irreversible oxidation and reduction at thiol and thione functional groups. The new dioxomolybdenum complex showed a quasi-reversible two-stage electrode process

Crop genes modified using CRISPR/Cas system

The CRISPR/Cas system is the most promising among genome editing tools. It can provide the development of modified nontransgenic plants with the possibility of simultaneous multiple targeted mutations. The purpose of this review is to analyze published papers describing the utilization of the CRISPR/Cas system for crop gene modification in order to assess the potential of this technology as a new plant breeding technique. The search for “CRISPR & crop name” within article titles, abstracts and keywords in the Scopus database was carried out for 45 crops. Among a total of 206 search results, only 88 have been recognized as original articles describing editing crop genes with the CRISPR/Cas system. A total of 145 target genes of 15 crops are described in these 88 articles, including rice with the largest number of genes modified (78 genes). In these studies, the ability to get transgene-free modified plants was widely demonstrated. However, in most cases research was aimed at the approbation of the technology or was to elucidate target gene function, while modification of just 37 target genes was related with crop improvement. We present here a catalogue of these genes. In most of these cases, modifications resulted in knockout of the genes such as negative growth and development regulators or negative regulators of plant resistance. In most cases, the phenotype of modified plants was assessed, and the presence of desired changes was shown. However, since the estimated number of “negative regulators” is limited in plant genomes, the CRISPR-directed gene knockout has a restricted potential for crop improvement. Intensive application of the CRISPR/Cas system for more complicate modifications such as replacement of defect alleles by functional ones or insertion of a desired gene is required (so far reports about such modifications are very rare in crops). In addition, to provide a basis for broad practical application of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing, more cultivars of crop species should be involved in ongoing studies. Just a few genotypes of crop species have been used for gene modifications thus far. Nevertheless, in spite of the restrictions mentioned, essential success has been achieved over a short period (3.5 years since the first publications on CRISPR/Cas application in plants)

Anthropometric approach to the diagnosis of mandibular asymmetry

The article describes the possibilities of clinical and x-ray diagnostics of mandibular asymmetry. In 61.5% of cases, the asymmetry of the lower jaw is accompanied by complaints from patients about the presence of articular sounds, mild pain when opening the mouth. Asymmetry of the lower jaw is more often determined in female individuals aged 19 to 46 years.В статье описаны возможности клинической и рентгенологической диагностики асимметрии нижней челюсти. В 61,5% случаев асимметрия нижней челюсти сопровождается жалобами пациентов на наличие суставных звуков, несильной боли при открывании рта. Асимметрия нижней челюсти чаще определена у лиц женского пола в возрасте от 19 до 46 ле

Neuropsychological Tests in Researches of Executive Functions in Adults With Attention — Deficit / Hyperactivity Syndrome

Целью данного обзора является анализ методик диагностики СДВГ у взрослых пациентов. Исследования показывают нарушение исполнительных функций у детей с СДВГ, однако не так много работ посвящено изучению исполнительных функций у взрослых. Помимо этого, в оценке и измерении исполнительных функций отсутствуют нейропсихологические маркеры.The aim of this review is to analyze diagnostic tools for ADHD in adult patients. There are large body of literature on executive functions impairment in ADHD children; however a lack of researches is account to the study of executive functions in adults. Furthermore, there are no neuropsychological markers in the assessment and measurement of executive functions

STUDY UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN THE OXIDE DISPERSIVE STRENGTHENED STEEL

The distribution of elements in the oxide dispersive strengthened steel at the outputted proton beam into the atmosphere is study. The experiments were performed on an analytical nuclear-physical complex "Sokol" is study. For the analysis of the samples obtained were used vacuum arc melting of steel industry 08Cr18Ni10Ti into which the hardening particles ZrO2 stabilized Y2O3, with a size of 0.1 – 0.5 microns. Mathematical processing of spectral data obtained by mass composition of basic elements and doping impurities studied oxide dispersive strengthened steel. The uniformity of the distribution of elements was studied on entire surface of the sample

Изменение активности лизосомальных цистеиновых протеаз плазмы, моноядерных и полиморфноядерных лейкоцитов крови при болезни Альцгеймера

Aim. To study the level of activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases (cathepsins H, B, L) in blood plasma and fractionated leukocytes (polymorphonuclear and mononuclear) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease in comparison with similar indicators in persons without signs of neurodegeneration as a possible marker of Alzheimer’s disease development and diagnosis.Materials and methods. The spectrofluorimetric study of cathepsins B, L, H activity level in plasma and fractionated leukocytes was conducted in 22 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in comparison with the same indicators in 22 patients matched by sex, age and associated diseases with patients of the observation group, but having no signs of neurodegeneration.Results. The activity of all three enzymes, and especially cathepsin H, increased significantly in blood plasma.  A significant increase is also noted in the activity of cathepsins H, B, and L in homogenates of fractionated  leukocytes. At the same time, in both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes the greatest degree of changes is demonstrated by the activity of cathepsin B, and the least is the activity of cathepsin L. Given the available data on an increased cathepsin B activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, we can assume a correlation between the state of lysosomal proteases activity in the Central nervous system and in the peripheral blood cells.Conclusion. Alzheimer’s disease is associated with increased activity of cysteine cathepsins in plasma, polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes of peripheral blood, which can be considered as one of the possible markers of development and diagnosis of the disease.  Цель. Изучить уровень активности лизосомальных цистеиновых протеиназ (катепсинов H, B, L) в плазме крови и фракционированных лейкоцитах (полиморфноядерных и моноядерных) пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера в сравнении с аналогичными показателями у лиц, не имеющих признаков нейродегенерации, как возможный маркер развития и диагностики болезни Альцгеймера.Материалы и методы. Проведено спектрофлуориметрическое исследование уровня активности катепсинов B, L, H в плазме крови и фракционированных лейкоцитах 22 пациентов с диагнозом «Болезнь Альцгеймера» в сравнении с аналогичными показателями 22 пациентов, сопоставимых по полу, возрасту и сопутствующим заболеваниям с пациентами группы наблюдения, но не имеющих  признаков нейродегенерации.Результаты. В плазме крови статистически значимо повышена активность всех трех ферментов, в наибольшей степени – активности катепсина Н. В гомогенатах фракционированных лейкоцитов также отмечается статистически значимое повышение активности катепсинов Н, B, L, при этом как в полиморфноядерных, так и в моноядерных лейкоцитах в наибольшей степени изменяется активность катепсина В, наименьшей –катепсина L. Учитывая имеющиеся данные о повышении активности катепсина В в цереброспинальной жидкости пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера, можно предположить взаимосвязь между состоянием активности лизосомальных протеиназ в центральной нервной системе и периферических клетках крови.Заключение. Болезнь Альцгеймера ассоциирована с нарастанием активности цистеиновых катепсинов в плазме, полиморфноядерных и моноядерных лейкоцитах периферической крови, что может рассматриваться как один из возможных маркеров развития и диагностики заболевания

Сравнительный анализ показателей качества лекарственного препарата альбумина человека с измененным стабилизирующим составом

Scientific relevance. The national and international human albumin preparations registered in the Russian Federation mainly differ in their excipient compositions. While all the international preparations of human albumin contain a mixture of sodium caprylate and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan, the Russian ones contain only sodium caprylate. However, albumin stabilisation with sodium caprylate at high concentrations affects the ligand-binding properties of albumin. For this reason, as well as to achieve storage stability not only at temperatures of 2 °C to 8 °C but also   at room temperature, most international manufacturers have reduced the sodium caprylate content in albumin preparations and added N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan. This demonstrates the relevance of studying the quality of a new Russian human albumin preparation with a modified stabilising composition, including both sodium caprylate and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan.Aim. The study aimed at comparing several quality attributes of the human albumin preparation with a modified stabilising composition with those of imported human albumin preparations.Materials and methods. The human albumin preparation with a modified stabilising composition was manufactured by fractionation from donor plasma meeting the requirements of monograph FS.3.3.2.0001.19 of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation edition XIV. The quality control was in line with the monograph on human albumin (FS.3.3.2.0006.18), and statistical analysis was conducted in Microsoft Excel in accordance with the general chapter on statistical analysis (OFS.1.1.0013.15).Results. The study preparation complied with the requirements specified in monograph FS.3.3.2.0006.18. All the manufactured batches were clear, thermostable, sterile, and non-pyrogenic. The prekallikrein activator levels were low (below 1 IU/mL). The aluminium content varied from 30.36±10.39 µg/L to 50.22±6.94 µg/L. The study preparation contained sodium ions at a concentration from 127.44±10.46 mmol/L to 145.59±7.32 mmol/L and less than 0.01 mmol/g of potassium ions. The osmolarity exceeded 240 mOsm/L. The content of α- and β-globulins  ranged  from  1.79±0.06%  to  2.24±0.20%.  The  study  preparation  had  a  pH  level  of 6.9 to 7.2. The concentrations of polymers and aggregates did not exceed 0.5%.Conclusions. The quality attributes studied suggest that the human albumin preparation with   a modified stabilising composition is comparable to its international counterparts and that it meets Russian and European pharmacopoeial standards.Актуальность. Зарубежные лекарственные препараты альбумина человека, зарегистрированные в Российской Федерации, отличаются от отечественных главным образом по составу вспомогательных веществ. Все иностранные препараты альбумина содержат смесь вспомогательных веществ — натрия каприлата и N-ацетил-DL-триптофана; отечественные — только натрия каприлат. Однако стабилизация раствора альбумина натрия каприлатом в высоких концентрациях приводит к ухудшению его лигандсвязывающих свойств. По этой причине, а также для достижения стабильности препаратов при хранении не только при температуре от 2 до 8 °C, но и при комнатной температуре, большинство зарубежных производителей изменили состав препарата альбумина путем снижения содержания натрия каприлата и дополнительного введения N-ацетил-DL-триптофана. В связи с этим актуальным представляется изучение показателей качества разработанного отечественного препарата альбумина человека с измененным стабилизирующим составом, содержащим оба указанных компонента.Цель. Анализ показателей качества препарата альбумина человека с измененным стабилизирующим составом в сравнении с зарубежными лекарственными средствами.Материалы и методы. Активной фармацевтической субстанцией для получения препарата альбумина человека с измененным стабилизирующим составом служила плазма крови доноров, соответствующая требованиям Государственной фармакопеи Российской Федерации XIV изд. (ГФ РФ XIV) ФС.3.3.2.0001.19. Препарат получали методом фракционирования белков плазмы крови. Контроль показателей качества препарата осуществляли в соответствии с требованиями  ФС.3.3.2.0006.18.  Статистическую обработку проводили с помощью программы Microsoft Excel в соответствии с ОФС.1.1.0013.15.Результаты. Показано соответствие показателей качества исследуемого препарата установленным требованиям  ФС.3.3.2.0006.18. В ходе исследований   установлено,  что изготовленные серии  препарата были прозрачными,  термостабильными, стерильными  и апирогенными; имели низкий уровень активатора прекалликреина — менее 1 МЕ/мл; содержание алюминия было в диапазоне от 30,36±10,39 до  50,22±6,94  мкг/л;  натрий-иона — от 127,44±10,46 до 145,59±7,32 ммоль/л; калий-иона — менее 0,01 ммоль/г; осмолярность — более 240 мОсм/л. Препарат содержал от 1,79±0,06 до 2,24±0,20% примесей других белков  (α- и β-глобулинов); показатель рН был в диапазоне от 6,9 до 7,2;  концентрация полимеров    и агрегатов не превышала 0,5%.Выводы. По изученным показателям качества препарат альбумина человека  с  измененным стабилизирующим составом был сопоставим с зарубежными аналогами и соответствовал требованиям ГФ РФ XIV и Европейской фармакопеи