Disequilibrium, adaptation and the Norse settlement of Greenland

This research was supported by the University of Edinburgh ExEDE Doctoral Training Studentship and NSF grant numbers 1202692 and 1140106.There is increasing evidence to suggest that arctic cultures and ecosystems have followed non-linear responses to climate change. Norse Scandinavian farmers introduced agriculture to sub-arctic Greenland in the late tenth century, creating synanthropic landscapes and utilising seasonally abundant marine and terrestrial resources. Using a niche-construction framework and data from recent survey work, studies of diet, and regional-scale climate proxies we examine the potential mismatch between this imported agricultural niche and the constraints of the environment from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries. We argue that landscape modification conformed the Norse to a Scandinavian style of agriculture throughout settlement, structuring and limiting the efficacy of seasonal hunting strategies. Recent climate data provide evidence of sustained cooling from the mid thirteenth century and climate variation from the early fifteenth century. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Norse made incremental adjustments to the changing sub-arctic environment, but were limited by cultural adaptations made in past environments.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Control Agency).

During the last few years developing computer industry has realized one of the potential, which is the Armed Forces Applications. The nature of the Functional Applications was appropriate for the database systems. This is because the manual file organization and the flow charts were available for being computerized. Nevertheless classical database queries became insufficient in satisfying the needs of the users. The reason for this was the requirement of professional users who knew Structured Query Language (SQL) and database technology very well. Only in the standalone Geographic Information System (GIS) software it was possible to have visual analysis. By the integration of the database applications and GIS engines, data reliability check and visual analysis opportunities were provided to the users. However there were some disadvantages of the hybrid environment. These are SQL proficiency requirements, limitations and low performance of the GIS environment in terms of digital data presentations. Currently, command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) are serving as Decision Support Systems (DSS). Many different functional information systems such as transportation and movement, health, logistics, intelligence etc. come together under the umbrella of C2IS. These kinds of complex information systems had needed some standards for applications and dedicated database architectures. International Security Organizations (ISO) ruled these standards (such as NATO ACE ACCIS GIS trial results, ATCCIS or MIP architectures) for the member countries and users to secure the interoperability among the C2IS which were developed independently. At the end of this period, a new kind of problem arose. Existed database architectures and GIS would b

Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis: inter-rater reliability and predictive value of nasal endoscopic examination: a prospective observational study

ObjectiveTo determine the inter-rater reliability of nasal endoscopic findings and the feasibility of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis based solely on symptoms and nasal endoscopy